也談唐、宋雜劇

Also talk about Zaju of the Tang and Song Dynasties

一般認為「雜劇」最早出現於晚唐李德裕〈故循州司馬杜元穎第二狀〉中「雜劇丈夫二人」，後來劉曉明先生發現初唐的《量處輕重儀本》已出現「雜劇」二字，並將「雜劇」初現文獻的時間上溯兩百多年。但劉曉明先生對於「雜劇」二字解釋仍有可議之處，故以其作為戲曲意義的「雜劇」初始者，是有其不妥之處。此外，雖無確切資料可知唐代雜劇內容為何，可確定的是狹義的宋雜劇與唐代參軍戲有關。唐代參軍戲中「參軍」原是扮演受嘲弄的官吏，但隨戲劇內容擴大，參軍所扮演者不再局限於官吏，但在劇中仍是受戲弄、調笑的角色，因此唐代「參軍」是程式化腳色名稱。五代與宋，有些參軍扮演者身分較高，因此產生參軍侮辱對手的現象，然綜觀優伶所演出的宋雜劇，仍以參軍受戲弄為主。此外，因為宋雜劇中因被戲弄角色不同，出現「參軍」與「副淨」兩種職能相似但名稱不同的腳色，且宋代的「參軍」甚至需要負責演出之外的工作。至於演出形式與內容方面，唐代參軍戲與宋雜劇演出內容也有所改變。唐代參軍戲演出內容趣味性高，限制也較少；宋雜劇則是滑稽之語達諷諫之意的意味較重，內容限制較大。 Generally considered the mane 'Zaju' first appeared in the literature in late Tang. But Mr. Liu Xiaoming discovered the new literature and thought the mane 'Zaju' first appeared in early Tang. However Mr. Liu Xiaoming has some questions when he explained 'Zaju' two words which in his new literature. So the 'Zaju' of drama meaning first appeared in the literature isn't in early Tang. In addition, although there is no exact content to understand what is zaju of Tang Dynasty we can determines that 'Can-jun-drama' of the Tang and Song Dynasties are closely related. However, with the expansion of content, the characteristic of the role Canjun and the mode of playing are different between two dynasties.