達士窮途之悲，壯夫歧路之淚──夏完淳〈大哀賦〉的自悼與自贖

Sadness at the Road’s End, Tears at a Wrong Turn: Self-Mourning and Self-Redemption in Xia Wanchun’s“Da Ai Fu”

夏完淳（1631-1647），明末清初抗清志士，現存賦作十二篇，以〈大哀賦〉最受世人矚目。此賦最早見於嘉慶十四年（1809）刊刻的《夏節愍全集》，至於其作意，則自白堅《夏完淳集箋校》（1991）問世後，一般多採白氏箋注，以為該賦「痛陳明末歷史教訓，描繪江南淪亡慘景，自矢抗清復國心志，為千古愛國名篇」。1 然而細究原典，賦中但見亡國之悲，不見矢志抗清之緒。白氏之所以視〈大哀賦〉為愛國名篇，筆者以為，多半是受到清初以來反清志士、遺民等人對此賦詮解的影響。因此，本文試圖從〈大哀賦〉的接受過程、夏完淳寫作〈大哀賦〉前的遭際，以及比對〈大哀賦〉與夏允彝殉節時所作《幸存錄》、夏完淳受父親遺命而作《續幸存錄》三者之間的關係，還〈大哀賦〉一個「本來面目」。

Xia Wanchun 夏完淳 (1631-1647), who lived during the Ming-Qingdynastic transition, was a Ming loyalist who resisted the Qing dynasty. Ofhis twelve surviving fu ( 賦 rhapsody),“Da ai fu” 大哀賦 garners the mostattention. It first appeared in an 1809 collection of his work, Xia Jiemin quanji 夏節愍全集. Since the publication of Bai Jian’s Xia Wanchun jijianjiao 夏完淳集箋校 in 1991, Bai’s commentary and view of Xia’s intention in writingthis fu have been widely adopted. Bai suggests that Xia“painfully expressesthe historical lessons learned at the end of Ming Dynasty, depicts the miserablescene of the fall of Jiangnan, and vows to oppose the Qing and restore theMing; it is a work of eternal patriotism.”However, a detailed investigationof the original work reveals that Xia only expresses his sadness at the fallof the nation, and does not vow to fight against the Qing. The main reasonBai views “Da ai fu” as patriotic poetry, I suggest, was that he is influencedby annotations of this fu written by anti-Qing fighters and adherents of theMing in the early Qing Dynasty. This study therefore attempts to recover theoriginal intention of“Da ai fu”by investigating the poem’s reception and XiaWanchun’s circumstances prior to writing it, and also by comparing Xia’s“ Daai fu,” his father Xia Yunyi’s 夏允彝 Xing cun lu 幸存錄, written before he martyred himself to the Ming cause, and Xia Wanchun’s Xu xing cun lu 續幸存錄, written by Xia Wanchun to fulfil his father’s dying wish.