DNA鑑定於親子關係爭端中扮演之角色

The Role of DNA Identification in Paternity Disputes

親子關係之爭訟主要包含二種類型，第一種類型為婚姻法律關係中婚生子女之形成及其消滅；第二種類型為非婚姻法律關係中子女與生父法律關係之形成及其消滅。親子關係之爭執主要在於釐清當事人之間是否確實具有法律上之親子關係，以及所衍生之權利義務而言。雖然親子關係之爭執可能有多種型態，但主要關鍵仍在於鑑定當事人間是否具有親子血緣關係，以作為主張權利之依據。DNA親子血緣鑑定之勘驗方法，具有相當科學之依據及可信度，屬重要且正當之證據方法，我國法院於處理親子關係訴訟之實務上，無不要求當事人提出親子血緣鑑定以為佐證，根據我國「親緣DNA鑑定實驗室認證技術規範」要求，實驗室應使用各自獨立的多基因位法進行分析，各基因位之組合親子排除率應達99.99%。有關法院得否因當事人拒絕為鑑定而逕認對造主張正當親子關係存否之訴訟，關係血統及子女之身分，與社會公益有關，法院為審判該類訴訟時，不應僅以當事人所提出之訴訟資料為限。故為真實血緣之發現，法院自應依職權為相當之調查，但法院若已盡事實審理之能事，此時應從當事人負事實解明義務的角度間接強制當事人接受鑑定。誠然，親子關係爭訟事件中，DNA鑑定之科學理論雖具有權威性信賴之價值，但長年形成之親子關係，親子的共同生活關係事實存在已達一定期間，表見父母之養育與關懷，未必需貫徹血統主義，此種擬制之養親子關係事實亦非事實血統主義可以抹煞。

The aim of the civil proceedings in paternity issues is to determine the relationship of parentage, siblings and to provide evidence for further actions for disavowing or acknowledging the legitimacy of a child, for nullifying or avoiding legitimating, and for determining the paternity of a child. The rapid developments in DNA technology have not only had major implications for the identification of criminals in criminal investigations, but also have resulted in overall changes in the clarification of civil cases. DNA testing is currently the most advanced and accurate technology to determine parentage. The value of PI (Paternity Index, PI) is of great as inference in confirming whether there is a parental relationship between the two tested parties. According to the criteria of “DNA identification laboratory certification in parental testing”, the probability of parentage is typically 99.99% when the alleged parent is biologically related to the child. The court cannot force defendants to go for DNA sampling in paternity case. However, after considering the other circumstances, the courts can either reject the appeal or withdraw the original decisions without forcing the defendants to undergo DNA sampling because the facts of the cases were sufficient for the courts. Although DNA testing is currently the most authoritative technology to determine parentage, the long term foster care and close relationships of adoptive parent-child in their real lives cannot be overlooked.