北宋初年將門現象探析──以符氏將門家族的發展為例

An Analysis of the Phenomena of Well-known Families of General during the Early Northern Song Dynasty:The Development of the Fushi Family of General as an Example

所謂將門，即指某些家族因累世從戎，漸漸成為朝廷武將的重要來源。將門作為軍事和社會的現象而言，古已有之，而將門在軍事中也扮演著重要角色。本文藉著對符氏將門的崛起及至衰落的描述，從而探討北宋初年將門現象。透過符氏將門的崛起，解說五代以來至北宋初期，將門的崛起與時代風尚、個人性格之間的密切關係；從將門聯姻皇室的現象，顯示將門在維持族望方面所依靠的另一途徑；以北宋初年趙普與趙光義的政爭，說明北宋初的政治局勢為符氏將門的發展帶來限制，從而進一步解說北宋初期，宋太祖用人方面的根本矛盾，以及其對武將功臣的手段；北宋符氏將門第二代昭愿嘗試將其家族由武將形象轉型為文質化，最後不能轉型成功的論述部分，說明將門在經歷最鼎盛之後要繼續維持家族威望的難處。同時，亦擴闊了「重文輕武」論點的理解空間，闡述宋代文武雙軌並行的現象。蔭補制度本是功臣舊勛子孫的入仕途徑，換言之，將門後裔可透過蔭補制度取得相當地位。然而，在宋廷主觀的政治思想局限之下，對於蔭補官的發展是有所限制的。從而說明北宋初期，部分將門之後靠此途徑而得官職，但卻難以維持族望的原因；最後，以符氏將門走上衰落之路的論述，解說大部分將門子弟的個人性格導致將門不復光輝的原因。

The so-called well-known family of generals was an important source of dynasticmartial generals, developed from certain familial clans engaging in military servicegeneration after generation. Well-known families of generals as military and socialphenomena had ancient origins, with a vital role in the military area.This article examines the phenomena of well-known families of general duringthe early Northern Song Dynasty through the lens of the rise and the decline of theFushi Family.Fushi’s rise explains the accession of well-known families of generalsince the late Tang and Wu Dai Dynasties was closely related to the contemporarytrend and individual personality.Marriage between imperial families and families ofgeneral was the other means to maintain the fame of family.The political strugglebetween Zhaopu and Zhaoguangyi during the early Song shows the limitations imposed by the political condition on the development of Fushi.This further explainsthe fundamental contradictions of Emperor Taizu’s personnel recruitment and his asmeasures towards the marshals. The abortive attempt of Fushi’s second generationFuzhaoyuan in transforming the clan’s image as military generals into the literati showsthe difficulties of maintaining the family fame after reaching the peak.This alsoenriches the understanding of the “uphold the literary and restrain the military” issue soto explain the dual literary-military phenomenon of the Song Dynasty.The system of officials having their offspring taking up government posts wasone way for the families of general to gain respectable status.However, this system wasrestrained by the Song Court’s subjective political thinking, a reason which explainedthe difficulties of maintaining family fame though some offspring attained officialposts by this system.Lastly, the analysis of the Fushi decline explains that individualpersonality of the majority offspring was the reason for losing the glory of the familiesof general.