從美方觀點看到的美日安保體制――「威脅認知雙層構造」（U.S. Perceptions of Japan and the U.S.–Japan Alliance: A Two-Level Threat Perception Approach）

米国の観点から見た日米安保体制

本文提出「威脅認知雙層構造」的分析架構，從相對權力（RelativePower）及共同認同（Shared Identity）的兩個理論途徑，來檢視威脅認知（Threat Perception）這個概念。本文對照了1952 年美日安保條約簽定到1996 年美日同盟再定義為止，美國的對日安全政策和對日觀，以「威脅認知雙層構造」分析架構來檢視兩者。本文由四部分組成。第一節介紹「威脅認知雙層構造」分析架構。第二節分三個時期，即美日同盟成立、冷戰期（其中再分為三期）、後冷戰期，來檢視美國對日安全政策，並考察各時期美國決策者對於國際環境及對日本的威脅認知。第三節分五個時期回顧美國的對日觀，並考察各時期的美國社會共同認同的有無。第四節以「威脅認知雙層構造」分析架構來考察，美國國內社會的對日觀與決策者的對日威脅認知的相關性。

The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of threat perception through two theoretical approaches: relative power and shared identity. Using the analytical framework of “two-level threat perception,” this paper contrasts U.S. decision makers’ security policy toward Japan with American public perceptions of Japan from the signing of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1952 to the re-definition of the U.S.-Japan Alliance in 1996. This paper is divided into four parts. First, it briefly introduces the analytical framework of “two-level threat perception.” The second part examines U.S. security policies toward Japan and investigates how U.S. decision makers have perceived the international environment and their threat perceptions of Japan across different periods. The third part reviews the American public perceptions of Japan and observes whether the American public and intellectuals have considered the U.S. and Japan as having a shared identity. Applying the analytical framework of “two-level threat perception,” the fourth section explores the correlation between decision makers’ threat perception and the perceptions of Japan in mainstream American society.