從民法總則到商法

Discussion of the General Part of Civil Code and Commercial Code

民法總則不但是債編、物權編的共同規定，原則上也是親屬編、繼承編的共同規定，民法總則所宣示的法律原則，例如誠實信用原則、公共秩序、善良風俗，普遍地適用於全部的法律領域。在大陸法系，關於民法典與商法典的制定，比較體系化的立法方式和採取民法與商法都同屬於私法的一部分，民法是普通法、商法是特別法的立法方式，後者在邏輯上比較嚴明，在立法上比較經濟。在民法與商法是普通法與特別法的關係下，同一法律事實，民法與商法都有規定時，商法的規定應該優先適用，此時，商法有特別法的性質；同一法律事實商法沒有規定，而民法有規定時，應該適用民法的規定，此時，民法有補充法的性質。民法各論的制定必須避免與民法總則的規定發生重疊，而隨著大企業的興起，格式合同的廣泛使用，必須強化消費者保護與對格式條款的規制，物權編、親屬編、繼承編則應著重本國社會制度以及文化傳統。在商法方面，應該特別強化關係企業的規範等。

The General Part of Civil Code includes regulations from the Division of Obligation Law and the Division of Property Law, and, with a few exceptions, the regulations from the Division of Succession Law and the Division of Family Law. The principles behind the General Part of Civil Code- such as the principle of good faith, the principle of public policy, and the principle of good customs- are applicable to all areas of law. In the Civil Law system, the Civil Code and the Commercial Code are both private law. The more logical and economical way to structure them is to deem the Civil Code as a common law and the Commercial Code as a special law. Under this structure, if both the Civil Code and the Commercial Code should apply to the same legal fact, the Commercial Code should prevail. Only when the Commercial Code does not have rules applicable to the legal fact does the Civil Code come in as a supplementary regulation. Every division of the civil code should avoid overlaps with the General Part of the Civil Code. With the increasing prevalence of large enterprises and the use of standardized contracts, special care must be taken to strengthen consumer protection and regulate standardized contracts. Regulations in the Division of Property Law, the Division of Succession Law and the Division of Family Law should consider accepted social and culture values of our society. Regulations in the Commercial Code should give special consideration to regulating large conglomerate enterprises.