「歷史詮釋」禁制的容讓──〈新編五代史平話〉對朝代興替詮解的方法及其影響

Imperial tolerance of taboo on history annotations─ The method of interpreting the rise and fall of a dynasty in the book New Edition of CommentaJ Stories of the History of the Five Dynasties and its influence

宋代因著經濟的繁榮與印刷術的流行，各類以藝文為主的休閒活動皆頗活絡，在這氛圍下自令市井小民也具備了基本的文化素養與社會認知，迅速傳遞著各類攸關文化的資訊及概念。其中以口述、戲劇或者小說等形式傳講朝代興衰的講史商品，觸及歷史解釋的傳統禁忌，當為宋元時期令人注目的文化現象。本文即以元時流行的〈新編五代史平話〉為探針，藉此欲呈現民間對歷史的認識與詮釋的一個面向。已見講史作者自許為歷史的詮釋者，以群眾能接受為發揮底線，傳述著一己的歷史認知。〈新編五代史平話〉認定具意志的天帝為天命的唯一來源與根據，朝代的變革皆依照天帝既有預設而輪替，個人皆受制天命的指揮，此天意脫去舊說里的道德勸喻與五行理論，僅是天帝單純的意志，與兩漢識緯及史傳系統的觀點全然不同；此說復在作者意欲強調天意的不可改變及確實執行，置入各類謠識、識書甚而葬龍穴等說法來輔證，成為傳播愚頂政治理論的重要推于。政治野心者也鑑於此說對民心的浸染而援為口實，讓原本正面肯定執政者正當性的說法，逆向地化身為否定當時執政者正當性的證據，為隱伏於民間威脅家天下封建體系的思想隱憂。本文並附上各版本皆末收錄台灣國家圖書館所藏海內孤本獨有〈梁史平話目錄〉四十一則，供學者參考。

Due to a flourishing economy and the popularity of printing technique, literature oriented leisure activities were fashionable during the Song dynasty. Under such circumstances, ordinary people with basic cultural disposition and social cognition started to disseminate various cultural information and concepts. It came in the commercial forms of narrations, dramas or navels that described the rise and fall of a dynasty. This violation of taboo in interpreting history was a cultural phenomenon that caught one' s attention during the Song dynasty. This paper used the book New Edition of Commentary Stories of the History of the Five Dynasties popular during the Yuan dynasty to show how ordinary people viewed and interpreted history. It was obvious that these history narrators considered themselves the history interpreters and spread their own personal opinions on historical acknowledge to the ordinary people according to their levels of comprehension. The book New Edition of Commentary Stories of the History of the Five Dynasties concluded that the Heavenly Emperor with his own will power is the sole origin and base of destiny. The change of dynasties followed the cycle predetermined by the Heavenly Emperor. All individuals were controlled by the destiny. This heavenly will had no moral bases, nor any Yin Yang principle. It was only the simple will of the Heavenly Emperor, thus totally differed from the concept of historical system. However, in emphasizing the inflexibility of the heavenly will and its execution, the author injected elements of prophecies and even fengshui as supporting evidences, thus became the promoter of obscurantism. Political careerists realized its impact and used it to distort positive comments on the rulers into negative evidences against them, thus threatened the concept of feudalistic system among the ordinary people. This paper also provided 41 items from Catalogue of the Commentary Stories of the History of the Liang Period from the collection of the National Library. It is the sole copy in Taiwan and these items are not found in any other edition.