乾、嘉、道從論學到議政的今文學發揚

From “Theories on Studying” to “Theories on Politics” during the Reigns of Qianlong, Juaqing, and Daoguang: The Enhancement of Modern Literature

在考據學風籠罩下的乾嘉時期，另有愛好辭章、主於論經的常州莊存與撰作闡發公羊微言的《春秋正辭》﹔雖然莊氏並未全力發揚公羊學，也未排斥古文學，但在從子莊述祖和外孫劉逢祿、宋翔鳳等人的光大下，常州公羊學釐然自成家別，並緜及嘉道龔自珍、魏源的改革思想，公羊一線之傳更在晚清蔚為大盛，成為康有為變法維新的理論武器。本論文在梳理此一線索之餘，並闡明乾、嘉、道從公羊學到今文學興盛的過程，是「論學→論政」，是從乾嘉常州學派劉逢祿等人在論學上標舉何休義法為公羊主流，並推此微言以說《論語》﹔再到嘉道間龔自珍、魏源以公羊大義說群經，並「援經議政」地以經義為社會改革張本，而由此一線索聯繫到晚清變法維新思想的，故清代今文學興盛兼具學術史與思想史之意義。全文係立足在文獻基礎上，緣莊存與、孔廣森、劉逢祿、宋翔鳳、龔自珍、魏源等人，以展開清代今文學復興從論學到論政的軌跡論析。

During the reigns of Qianlong and Jiaqing when textology was very popular, Zhuang Cunyu, who came from Changzhou, focused on studying Confucian classics. Not only did he love prose and poetry, he also wrote Chunqiu zheng ci, which elucidates Gongyang’s terse and significant statements. Although Zhuang did not fully devote his efforts to exalting the studies of Gongyang, nor did he reject ancient literary studies, his relatives and others made the Changzhou School of Thought an independent clique. Zhuang’s son Zhuang Shuzu, grandson Liu Fenglu, as well as Song Xiangfung enhanced and glorified the studies of Gongyang. The Changzhou School of Thought later influenced the reform ideas of Zizhen Gong and Yuan Wei during the reigns of Jaiqing and Daoguang. Furthermore, this school of thought became the mainstream during the late Qing Dynasty and was the theoretical weapon that Kang Youwei used during the Hundred Day’s Reform. In addition to elucidating this school of thought, this paper will trace the developmental process of modern literature during the reigns of Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang. It argues that it transitioned from “theories on studying” to “theories of politics.” This article will also discuss reasons why scholars like Liu Fenglu and others advocated for He Xiu’s explanations as the mainstream of the Gongyang style of studies. Furthermore, the Analects of Confucius will be analyzed in light of the Gongyang style. The essay then discusses Gong Zizhen and Yuan Wei’s interpretation of other classics by using Gongyang Zhuan Disclosure, as well as their “quoting classics to support political ideas” with principles in these classics to found their concepts of reform during the reigns of Jiaqing and Daoguang. These developments influenced the trend of thoughts in the late Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the popularity of modern literature in the Qing Dynasty is significant for studies of both intellectual history and academic history. The research is based on archival records and will begin with analysis of Zhuang Cunyu, Kong Guangsen, Liu Fenglu, Song Xiangfung, Zizhen Gong and Yuan Wei to trace how “theories on studying” shifted to “theories of politics” and led to the revival of modern literature in the Qing Dynasty.