今文《尚書》的篇數與〈顧命〉、〈康王之誥〉的分合問題

The Number of the Chapters in Shang Shu as well as the Combination and Dividing of 'Goo Ming' and 'King Kong's Mandate'

《尚書》是中國的著名經典，在群經之中，今文本與古文本差異之大，爭議之多，無過於《尚書》者。來源可信的孔壁本古文《尚書》四十五篇早已不見，此成為一大憾事，而出現於東晉時代的五十八篇本古文《尚書》自宋以來即已廣受爭議，凡有辨疑存真的讀經堅持者，大概會傾向於以今文《尚書》為主要的研習對象，而今文《尚書》的篇數問題，在經學史上亦紛擾甚多，根據本文的探究，《史》、《漢》所說的漢初伏生以二十九篇《尚書》教人，篇中絕對沒有〈書序〉與〈泰誓〉，至於〈顧命〉與〈康王之誥〉則分而為二。後世言及今文《尚書》之篇數，謂二十八篇、二十九篇、三十一篇、三十二篇，都可找到文獻上的根據，但若易「今文《尚書》」一詞為「伏生《尚書》」，則篇數僅能說是二十九篇，且不能包入〈書序〉與〈泰誓〉，亦不能將〈顧命〉與〈康王之誥〉合為一篇。在伏生之後，今文系統中的歐陽本《尚書》將〈顧命〉與〈康王之誥〉合為一篇，加入〈書序〉一卷與〈泰誓〉三篇三卷，此舉有視〈書序〉為經之意，但不為之作解詁，故《經》有三十二卷之多，《章句》則少一卷。大小夏侯本《尚書》又將〈書序〉排除在外，用一卷的篇幅收納〈泰誓〉一篇，如同歐陽氏，將〈顧命〉與〈康王之誥〉合為一篇，使其篇數又回到伏生的二十九篇。〈顧命〉與〈康王之誥〉之情節有其一貫性，歐陽、大小夏侯的合二為一，可能是基於內容的考量，但因〈顧命〉與〈康王之誥〉在體裁上略有不同，所以東晉本古文《尚書》再將〈顧命〉與〈康王之誥〉分而為二。

Shang Shu is a famous classic in China. The huge differences between its ancient editions and the modern editions brought the most controversies among the Chinese classics. It's a pity that the original forty-five chapters of Shang Shu on Kong Wall has lost when the fifty-eight chapters emerged in Eastern Jin Dynasty has caused a huge controversy since Song Dynasty. Those who insist on clarifying the doubts and winnowing the truth tend to set modern editions as the focus of their research. In the history of classic studying, there are a lot of disputes over the number of the chapters of Shang Shu . According to this research, Shi Gi and Han Shu revealed that in the early Han Dynasty Fu Shen taught with twenty nine chapters of Shang Shu without including the two chapters of'Book Prefaceand' 'Tai Shi'while 'Goo Ming' and 'King Kong's Mandate' were divided into two chapters. Nowadays when we talk about the chapters in modern editions of Shang Shu, we can find evidences in documents for so called twenty-eight chapters, twenty-nine chapters, thirty-one chapters, or thirty-two chapters. But if we use the noun 'Fu Shen Shang Shu' instead of the noun 'modern editions of Shang Shu', then the former covers only twenty nine chapters with 'Book Preface' and 'Tai Shi' were excluded, and 'Goo Ming' as well as 'King Kong's Mandate' were divided into two chapters. In modern editions after Fu Shen, Oa Yang combined 'Goo Ming' as well as 'King Kong's Mandate' into one chapter and added one volume of 'Book Preface' together with three chapters three volumes of 'Tai Shi', which was viewed as taking 'Book Preface' as 'Ging' without adding interpretation for it. So, 'Ging' had 32 volumes, but 'zhangju' had 31 volumes. Like Oa Yang's combining 'Goo Ming' and 'King Kong's Mandate' into a chapter, Big and Small Hsia Ho edition excluded 'Book Preface' and collected 'Tai Shi' into a volume to make the total chapters 29 chapters as Fu Shen's editon. 'Goo Ming' and 'King Kong's Mandate' were consistent in the plots, and that was the reason that Oa Yang and Big and Small Hsia Ho combined these two into one. But as there were little differences in the genre, they were divided again into two chapters in East Jin Dynasty in consideration of their contents.