清代王昭君題詠之轉化與創新－－以和親是非之主題為例

Transformation and Innovation on Writings about Wang Zhaojun in Qing Dynasty: On the Theme of Debates Over Wang's Political Marriage

歷代文人敘寫王昭君出塞和親，多針對文本之空白處、未定點，進行緣飾附會，孳乳展延。有關品題「和親之是非」，北宋以前昭君詩著墨不多。兩宋詩人始對和議之是非得失，藉題詠昭君和親表現之。或追求「意新語工」，或致力主題之異化與深化，其佳妙創獲已跳脫唐人之藩籬。下迨清代詩人題詠昭君和親，較諸唐宋詩，新創可觀者亦不遑多讓。約而言之，大抵有六：1、穹廬勝掖庭；2、和親建功勛；3、畫圖上麒麟；4、靖邊愧衛霍；5、彰天理之公；6、議人情之私。以「合多離少，則曰模擬；合少離多，則曰創造。」觀之，清人題詠，可謂創造性詮釋，與新異化解讀。兩宋題詠和親之是非，喜談「尊王攘夷」；滿清入主中原，卻忌諱「夷夏之防」；宋詩與清詩，皆各有體現。宋明理學常言天理之公，人欲之私，清人繼志述事，亦偶有觸及。何休《公羊解詁》強調「大一統」之《春秋》書法；宋代與清朝題詠昭君，殊途同歸，亦略有呼應與體現。

Chinese literati often write poetry to supply the void and vague points in past works over Wang Zhaojun's political marriage. While the theme of debates over Wang's political marriage isn't the focal point in that poetry written before Northern Song, poets in Song Dynasty usually use Wang's political marriage as the case to express their opinions whether they approve the peace deal or not. They not only look for fresh meaning and fine language, but also devote to the theme's transformation and penetration. Hereby, they develop their own school from poets in Tang Dynasty. We could find six innovations in Qing poets' creations upon Wang Zhaojun: 1. yurts better than the palace; 2. political marriages making meritorious contribution; 3. images of Wang's getting on the horse; 4. dedication of maintaining borderland's peace; 5. the equity of Tian Li; 6. the preference of human. If we inspect these works by the principle that ”if similarities are more than differences, it would be regarded as imitation; on the contrary, it would be called innovation,” they obviously show characteristics of creative and different interpretation. While poets in Song Dynasty are used to press on honoring the King and expelling the barbarians, poets in Qing Dynasty are sensitive and careful of the boundary between Huaxia and barbarian tribes. On the other hand, Qing poets would occasionally discuss the issue of the equity of Tian Li and the preference of human, which is highly accentuated in Song-Ming neo-Confucianism. While He Xiu's Gongyang Jiegu places emphasis on ChunQiu Shufa, which stresses on the conception of unification, we could also find similar thoughts in Song and Qing poets' works on Wang Zhaojun.