戰前軍官訓練團之研究（1933-1935）──以陳誠為中心的考察

A Study of Officers Training Regiment before the Second Sino-Japanese War (1933-1935)

1933年2月，蔣中正對共軍發動第四次圍剿，並命深獲其信任的陳誠擔任中路軍總指揮。陳誠調動大軍進入江西欲與共軍決戰卻遭逢大敗，其基幹部隊第十一、五十二、五十九師幾乎全軍覆沒，蔣中正更直言此次失敗乃是「有生以來唯一之隱痛」。面對如此慘重的軍事挫折，如何提振因軍事失利而造成的恐共畏戰心理，以及如何加強精神武裝以貫徹實現剿共目標，成為蔣中正所面臨之首要問題。為此，蔣決定於該年七月在江西廬山開辦軍官訓練團，並任命陳誠為團長。此次軍官訓練團成果卓著，透過對中下級軍官的抽調輪訓，養成「不怕匪」、「找匪打」、「與匪拼」的戰鬥心理，更在隨後對共軍的第五次圍剿當中獲得勝利，肅清江西全境。因為首次廬山軍官訓練團的成功，使蔣中正援引此模式，陸續在1934年再次舉辦廬山軍官訓練團，1935年於四川舉辦峨嵋軍官訓練團。在這幾次的軍官訓練團當中，實際負責者仍是陳誠，可見陳誠在辦理訓練團方面已深獲蔣之信任。對陳誠而言，從單純帶兵打仗到辦理成千上萬人的訓練工作，轉變不可謂不大，其如何調適，是本文觀察之焦點。再者，陳誠如何建構訓練團的運作模式，如何貫徹蔣的意志及其所交托之重任，訓練成效又是如何，則亦是本文關注的另一重點。

In February 1933, Chiang Kai-shek launched the Fourth Encirclement and Extermination Campaign against to Communist-led armed forces with an appointment of Chen Cheng as the general director of Central Route Army. This campaign ended in a failure while Chen’s core strength -- the eleventh, fifty-second, fifty-ninth Divisions were almost completely destroyed in Jiangxi. Chiang Kai-shek stated frankly that this campaign was the most painful matter in his life. At that time, the most urgent issue that Chiang Kai-shek faced is how to recover the moral strength to reach the goal of extermination of the Communists and how to train the troops to overcome the fears of war against the Communist forces. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek decided to form an institution named Officers Training Regiment with the appointment of Chen Cheng as its head in July 1933. The result of Officers Training Regiment was remarkable. This Regiment strengthened the soldiers’ will to fight and then won the Fifth Encirclement and Extermination Campaign in Jiangxi. Due to the success of this training mode, Chiang Kai-shek continuously formed the Officers Training Regiment in Lushan in 1934 and in Szechwan in 1935. Chen Cheng was in charge of all the Officers Training Regiments. It is understandable that Chen Cheng had become the most trusted person in Chiang Kai-shek eyes in the training aspect. For Chen Cheng, this training task was a great challenge to him because the work was totally different from what he used to do. This article will focus on how Chen Cheng adjusted himself to the new task. In addition, it will also analyze the effectiveness of the training as well as the training mode of the Regiment in accordance with Chiang Kai-shek’s instructions and expectations.