女性出家眾修行生活的典範：寶唱《比丘尼傳》與《經律異相》〈聲聞無學學尼僧部第十二〉之比較研究

FEMININE PARADIGMS OF BUDDHA`S LIFE (A COMPARISON OF BIQIUNI ZHUAN 比丘尼傳 AND SCROLL 23 OF JINGLü YIXIANG 經律異相)

本論文即對中國六朝時期（222-589）文學與宗教如何交涉進行研究。筆者探究中國中古時代宗教（主要為佛教）特點，以及宗教和當時傳統文學互想結合的狀況。更具體地來講，是想把中國第一部比丘尼傳記——寶唱（fl. 495-516）《比丘尼傳》所描述的比丘尼狀況，拿來與兼具宗教傳記與小說特色的《經律異相》卷23〈聲聞無學學尼僧部第十二〉中一些印度比丘尼傳做比較研究。明顯地，第一部作品是在中國傳統傳記的文體脈絡下產生，第二部作品則為取自佛教經典之宗教故事，兩者一起分析，能明白《比丘尼傳》在傳記及聖傳之間的地位。而《經律異相》描寫比丘尼使用之文體，明顯地，受到得道宗教故事與聖傳的影響。為了更進一步地研究此觀點，本文將對兩個版本的形式特色（即時間表達方式）與整體文本構造進行討論，探究中國中古佛教女性之入道因緣及戒律遵守等的課題上，與佛陀時代印度女性的狀況有何差異。

The paper examines some of the problems related to the literature and religion in China at the end of the Six Dynasties Period (222-589). We consider the values and characteristics of medieval religious discourse in the Six Dynasties China and their interaction with the literary tradition of the time. In particular, I will undertake an analysis of the first known collection of Chinese Buddhist nuns` biographies, Lives of the Nuns (Biqiuni zhuan), (edited in 516 CE) by the monk Baochang (fl. 495-516), and compare these biographies to hagiographical stories about nuns taken from the collection Classified excerpts from the Sutra and Vinaya Pitakas (Jinglü yixiang), also compiled by Baochang. While the first collection pertains strictly to the zhuanji genre in the Chinese literary tradition, the second one is part of an anthology of Indian Buddhist tales from the Buddhist canon. Through the comparison, I demonstrate that, while the Biqiuni zhuan borders between the “biographical” and the “hagiographical”, the tales from the sutras belong to the hagiographical end of the continuum while also incorporating characteristics from the tales of enlightenment. This point will be further justified by an analysis of elements pertaining to the formal (chronological) order of the texts and their overall structures, which are informed by conceptual differences. Ultimately, through literary analysis, the paper will focus on issues concerning Chinese women in medieval Buddhism, some questions on their ordination and vinaya regulations, and the relatedness of these issues to the situation of Indian nuns from the time of the Buddha.