剖析客語「分」致使構式

Profiling Hakka Bun1 Causative Constructions

本文本著構式語法之精神，剖析客語「分」致使構式之致使者、遭受者、及使動效果等之語意屬性及句法行為，主張客語「分」致使構式應該更細緻劃分成四次類：允讓類、目的使令類、被迫類及非防止性類。本文因而認為過去文獻中用「語意意涵」測試致使義過於侷限應該放鬆，才能涵蓋佔大多數之允讓與使令用法。此外，本文檢視語料庫中「分」致使構式出現之更大言談語境，發現不同於過去文獻之主張致使事件在前結果事件在後之典型象似性詞序，結果事件在訊息結構中扮演更重要的角色，因此遭受者主題化或靠左提升，以及致使者隱現反而是常見之訊息管理策略，而此句法行為是「分」致使構式進一步語法化成被動用法之前奏。

This paper proposes that a family of four related constructions is needed to provide a more complete account for the syntactic and semantic generalizations and idiosyncrasies of the bun1 causative constructions in Hakka by examining the features of CAUSER, CAUSEE, and EFFECT. The traditional claim of semantic entailment as a crucial feature of causation is argued to be too restrictive; pragmatic strengthening is argued to capture the dominant distribution of cause–act functions. In addition, in contrast to what is expected by the prototypical iconic sequencing of the participants in a causal chain, the sequence of a causing event and a resulting event from authentic data is shown to reveal a ground–figure asymmetry. The highlighting of the resulting event for information management is done by linguistic strategies such as topicalization or left-dislocation of CAUSEE and suppression of CAUSER. Such linguistic arrangements are speculated to prepare causative bun1 for undergoing further grammaticalization into the passive function.