近代漢語動趨式中的「將」

The Particle jiang in Early Mandarin Chinese

本文主要是探討「V-將-(Dp)-Dd」句式的「將」之歷史與功能。此式中的Dp 即路徑趨向詞，包括「上、下、起、落、出、入、進、過、回、轉、歸、倒、開、攏」等；Dd 即指示趨向詞，包括「來」與「去」。「V-將-(Dp)- Dd」可以分為「V-將-Dd」和「V-將-Dp-Dd」二式，在文中，二者的「將」分別標為「將1」和「將2」以示區別。「V-將-Dd」與「V-將-Dp-Dd」無論是在發展歷史上還是在現代方言的分布上都是有分別的。「V-將-Dd」的產生與衰微都早於「V-將-Dp-Dd」；目前前者主要用於晉語，後者則散見於官話的幾個次方言區。關於「將」的詞性與功能，本文指出：「將1」和「將2」不僅詞性有異，功能也是不相同的。「將1」在句法上為補語，詞性上相當於「上」、「下」等路徑趨向詞而語義較虛，是一種虛義動詞或輕動詞；「將2」則當歸入助詞，但不是體標記，它的功能偏於修辭或語用方面。

This paper mainly investigates the history and function of the particle jiang 將 in the construction “V-jiang 將-(Dp)-Dd”, in which Dp represents a path directional (e.g. shang 上, qi 起, chu 出, guo 過, etc.) and Dd a deictic directional (e.g. lai 來, qu 去). “V-jiang 將-(Dp)-Dd” can be rewritten as “V-jiang 將-Dd” and “V-jiang 將-Dp-Dd”. The jiang 將 in the former construction will be written as jiang1 將1 and the latter one jiang2 將2 in this paper. There are differences between “V-jiang 將-Dd” and “V-jiang 將-Dp-Dd” both in the history of development as well as the distribution in modern Chinese dialects. The dates that “V-jiang 將-Dd” came into existence and fell into decay are earlier than “V-將- Dp-Dd”; in addition, the former is mainly used in modern Jin dialect but the latter can only be seen in some of the dialects of modern Mandarin Chinese. Jiang1 將1 is different from jiang2 將2 not only in parts of speech but also in function. Jiang1 將1 can be seen as a path directional but its meaning is wore down and is thus better be analyzed as a light verb used as dummy complement; jiang2 將2 is a kind of particle, which does not function as aspect marker but is used for rhetorical or pragmatic purposes.