台灣客家話動趨結構中與體貌有關的成分

Aspect-related Components in the Verb-Directional Constructions of Taiwan Hakka

本文對台灣四縣、海陸、東勢客家話中的動趨結構進行描述與分析，並且揭示台灣客家話在「動(V)-趨(D)格式」中可以出現幾個類似體貌標記的成分，包括（一）表動作持續或進行的持續體標記「緊 (kin3)」（東勢）與「等(ten3)」（四縣、海陸）；（二）表動作實現或完成的動相補語標記「倒 (to3)」；（三）語法性質介於動相補語標記與體標記之間的「忒(thet7)/□(phet7)」；以及（四）與嘗試或短時有關的緊密先前貌「啊 (a5)」。藉由討論台灣客家話中插在動、趨之間類似體貌標記的成分，本文探討了客家話動詞與趨向詞的句法關係，中插成分的語法、語義性質，以及幾個相關結構的語法化演變途徑。

This article describes and analyzes the V(erb)-D(irectional) constructions of Sixian, Hailu, and Dongshi Hakka as spoken in Taiwan, and reveals that there are several aspect-related markers which can occur between V and D in the named construction, including 1) the continuative aspect markers “緊” (kin3) in Dongshi and “等” (ten3) in Sixian and Hailu; 2) the phase marker “倒” (to3), which denotes the achievement or completion of the motion; 3) “忒” (thet7)/□(phet7), which bears the grammatical characteristics of both the phase marker and the aspect marker, and 4) the immediate anterior aspect marker “啊” (a5), which develops from the tentative or short-term meanings. By discussing the aspect-related components inserted between the verbs and the directionals in Taiwan Hakka, this article explores the grammatical relations of the verbs and the directionals, the grammatical and semantic characteristics of the inserted components, and the grammaticalization pathways of some relevant constructions.