區域人權規約的普世性與獨特性分析：以非洲聯盟為例

Universalism and Relativism in Regional Human Rights Law: Case Study on African Union

本文將藉由觀察非洲聯盟人權建制的發展，分析該區域多邊人權規約的普世性及獨特性，並評估非洲人權規約在人權保障上所顯示的非洲在地文化特性及與其他區域人權規範接軌的共通性。首先以「非洲人權與民族權利憲章」為分析核心，歸納其在地特性；進而觀察區域人權建制中之條約監督機構「非洲人權與民族權利法院」之結構與功能，比較非洲人權規範機構與歐洲及美洲相關人權監督機構的異同，藉此分析非洲人權規約與國際人權規約的聯結程度，進而評估其普世性。本文認為，（1）非洲人權建制是所有區域人權建制中最具在地文化與傳統特色的人權規範，特別在經濟、社會與文化權利以及發展權利上。（2）在人權保障的監督機構設置上，與歐洲及美洲在功能與結構上具有高度一致性。（3）在普世性與獨特性的磨合上，非洲人權建制的建構經驗顯示兩者的關係並非對立衝突，而是相容並存的。此外，（4）該區域人權規約之內容在語意措辭的表達上，似乎又限制權利本身所具有的內涵，而成為對人權的潛在的限制。最後，（5）儘管非洲人權規約的完整性不亞於其他區域人權規約，然而在實踐上卻受到現實政治的嚴重影響，以至於在規範的監督與落實上與該地區實際的人權狀況出現落差，特別是在公民權利與自由方面。但無論如何，（6）非洲人權規約在普遍性與獨特性上的平衡，值得所有非西方文明傳承的國家與區域借鏡與省思，特別是人權相對主義興盛的東亞。

This article aims to explore African regional human rights norms from the perspective of the universalism and relativism through analyzing the development of human rights laws in African Union. This paper also evaluates to what degrees of African human rights norms include characteristics of local culture and consist with other regional human rights norms. This article first focuses on the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and evaluates its localized attributes, and then analyzes the construction and functions of African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights. Furthermore, it compares African human rights institutions to other two regions: Europe and Americas, as well as the international human rights norms from the perspective of universalism. The findings support: (1) among all regional human rights regimes, African human rights regime is the one that includes the most local cultural and traditional characteristics, especially in the economy, social, and cultural rights, as well as the rights to development. Second, the African human rights supervising institution is highly similar to the functions and organization of European and American intuitions. Third, the African case reveals that debate between universalism and relativism is not zero-sum and both approaches could compatible and coexisted. Fourth, the writing and implications within documents of African norms seem to limit the practice and interpretation of norms. Fifth, while African human rights laws are very comprehensive as other regions, human rights practice is shanking and challenging by real politics in Africa. The inspection and practice in this region are needed to be improved, especially in the civil and political rights. Finally, African human rights norms show a practical balance between universalism and relativism, and it is a lesson for other non-Western regions, especially for the East Asia with relativism-universalism debate, to build its localized human rights law and regime