藏語組繫動詞red的語法化

The Grammaticalization of the Copula Verb red in Tibetic Languages

藏語組中部語塊、東北部語塊及東南部語塊中普遍存在繫動詞red，用以表達「向他者」的示證和情態意義，從而與表達「向自我」意義的yin形成對立。古藏語中red只有實義動詞的用法，義為「變成、變作」，其後在不晚於14世紀的文獻裡，在東南語塊的木雅地區已經明確語法化為繫動詞和時體助動詞。與之相應的是，古藏語時代繫動詞yin和終助詞-o存在「語用－－情態」功能的對立，yin因為經常用於否定句中，因此具有了較多主觀判斷、主觀強調的語氣，從而與終助詞-o表達的直陳語氣相對立。而在至遲不晚於14世紀的口語中，隨著終助詞-o的消亡，red逐漸取代了其位置並進而與yin形成對立，從而逐步發展了較為嚴格的表達「向自我」和「向他者」意義的系統區別。

The copula verb red is widely distributed in the Central, Northeastern, and Southeastern sections of Tibetic languages, forming obvious opposition with another copula verb yin to convey evidential and epistemic meanings of heterophoric and egophoric respectively. In Old Tibetan red only acted as a content verb defined as become or turn. No later than the 14th century, in the region of Muya, which affiliated to the Southeastern section of Tibetic Languages, red evolved into both a copula verb and an auxiliary verb, which indicated tense and aspect. Correspondingly, an adversarial relationship of pragmatic-epistemic meaning between the structure formed by the copula yin and declarative sentence-final particle –o in Old Tibetan exists, in which yin is utilized frequently in the Negative Structure. Therefore, acquired mood distinctions exist to convey subjective judgment and emphasis, and also constitute distinction of the structure of –o formation, which is generally adopted to convey indicative mood that indicates less of the speaker or writer’s subjective attitude. Subsequently, in colloquial speech no later than the 14th century, with the extinction of the particle –o, red gradually took the place of the particle –o and developed much more stringent correspondence between the egophoric and heterophoric meaning.