海商法的發展策略及其立法模式探討

A Probe into the Development Strategies and Law-making Methods for Maritime Law

作者從國家海洋政策出發，確認海商法對國家經貿發展及海洋權益維護之重要性以及海商法的產業他趨勢國際潮流，檢討國家發展海商法之障礙包括:(一)海商法制、司法實務見解與國際規範容有差異。(二)航運業對外籍船東相互保險組織(P&IClub)的依賴。(三)海商法人力資源之欠缺。進而提出國家發展海商法之策略:(一)國家海洋政策應正視海商法對於海洋國家發展的重要性。(二)結合產官學資源加入「非政府(Non-governmenta lOrganization, NGO)」的「國際海事會議(Commite MaritimeInternational, CMI)」。(三)成立海事法院或海事專業法庭，維護國家海權利益。(四)我國航運業建立自主的P&I Club，催生海商法相關產業。(五)海商法的解釋與適用應與國際主流價值接軌，並作成司法判例。(六)建立我國海商法專業人才培育機制。同時，居於海商法的國際性特質，提出海商法立法模式的選項(一)以條約締結法，解決條約未能完成存放程序致效力受質疑的問題。(二)制定「聯合國全程或部分海上貨物運送契約公約施行法J'直接賦予相關貨物運送公約具有國內法之效力。(三)將相關貨物運送公約制定為我聞單行專法後施行。(四)將鹿特丹規則的實質內容，規範在海商法貨物運送章。(五)於海商法中授權海商法主管機關交通部採用鹿特丹規則。文末，作者結論：(一)國家應審慎思考發展海商法之障礙，從而國家海洋政策應正視海商法對國家海洋產業發展暨海洋權益保護之重要性，以建構台灣成為「亞太海事爭端處理中心(Asian-Pacific Maritime Disputes Resolution Centre)」為目標。(二)國家應制定海商法的發展策略，加入海高法相關國際組織，參與海商法國際公約的立法與國際級研究計章，提昇國家產、宮、學、研整體海商法學術與實務水準，支撐海洋產業之發展，維護國家國際貿易利益。(三)國家應建立海商法國際公約內國法也之機制，如「聯合國全程或部分海上貨物運送契約公約施行法」或單行專法「國際海上貨物運送法」藉以提昇國家經貿地位、國家法律地位以及海洋產業、法律服務業的全球競爭力。

The author, from the very angle of the National Marine Policy, confirrns that the maritime law is extremely important for the national econornic and trade development as well as the protection of the national marine interest and power, which follows that the obstacles for developing maritime law are : First, the national maritime law system and court practice do not conform to the intenational norms. Second, the national shipping industry relies dependently on the P&I Clubs. Third, there is in shortage of human resource in maritime law. The author further submits the development strategies for maritime law : First, the National Marine Policy should face squarely the fact that mariti血e law is important for being a maritime state. Second, Taiwan should applies for a membership to the Non-govemmental Organization Comrnité Maritime Intenationa1. Third, the govemment should set up Maritime Court or Maritime Tribunal to protect national marine interest. Fourth, the national shipping industry should build up its own P&I Club to expedite maritime legal industry. Fifth，the interetation and application of the maritime code must follow the intenational norms. Sixth, the govemment should establish a comprehensive system of personnel development in maritime law. Furthermore, the author, taking into account the intenational character of maritime law, subrnits the altematives of maritime law-making methods : first, it is to resolve the depositing issue by applying the Code of Contracting Treaties. Second, it is to enact, for example, the ‘Enactment for United Nations Convention on Contracts for the Intemational Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea' to make it have the force of domestic law. Third, it is to enact the relevant carriage convention by making it a special Code. Fourth, it is to extract the substantial articles of the Rotterdam Rules into the Carriage Chapter of Maritime Code. Fifth, it is to authorize the Ministryof Transport to adopt the Rotterdam Rules. At the end of this paper' the author concludes: First, it is for the govemment to think seriously the obstacles as mentioned, and the National Marine Policy shall face squarely that the maritime law is important for the maritime industry as well as the protection of the maritime interests enabling to build up Taiwan as an Asian-Pacific Maritime Disputes Resolution Centre. Second, it is for the govenment to set up development strategies for martime law to be members of relevant international organizations and to participate in the international legislation on maritime law conventions enabling to promote the standards of scholarships and practice in either public or private sectors. Third, it is for the government to estabiish a systematic mechanism to incorporate the international conventions into national laws, such as the 'Enactment for United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea' or special code intenational Carriage of Goods by Sea Act', enabling to promote the intemational reputation of the State in economic, trade and law aspects as well as the global competitiveness of maritime industry and maritime legal service.