漢語處置句法系統的功能語言學探討

The Mandarin Disposal Constructions: Usage and Development

長期以來，人們一般是把由“把＂和“將＂字構成的兩類處置句式看作是意思相近的句法格式，認為其主要的不同在於所用語體的範圍（比如說將字句偏向於書面語等）。本文利用口語和書面語語料庫的實際材料說明，兩者的不同不能簡單地歸結於語體的差異，而是有更深刻的語用學動因。我們以功能語言學上的原型理論為基礎，具體提出兩者的對立主要體現在對主觀性／感情化與客觀性／權威性的表現的對立上，即把字句以表達前者為主，將字句以表達後者為主，兩者結合在一起構成一個完整的處置系統。而且兩者的對立不是偶然的，實際上體現了主觀化與客觀化所存在的一種共生關係及系統性。這種說法既解釋了語體說的不足，又理清了共時與歷時的對立及其與篇章類型的關係。這類現象也提醒我們既要注意語言中的主觀化趨勢也要注意某些條件下的客觀化的趨勢。

The Mandarin Chinese disposal constructions involving ba and jiang have been considered synonyms that differ only in terms of register. This paper reexamines the status of ba versus jiang in the light of spoken and written corpus data and new insights that have arisen from recent hypotheses concerning the meaning of the ba-construction. We postulate a dynamic system of disposal in which ba and jiang share the basic meaning of disposal while contrasting in terms of subjectivity and emotionality. By treating meaning and broad discourse contexts (genres) as prototypically organized categories, which demonstrate conceptual and discourse principles, we are able to explain the precise distributional patterns of the two items across a variety of genres in two spoken and written language corpora. We conclude that dynamic language use gives rise to language change along the diachronysynchrony continuum and beyond the simple speech and writing dichotomy. This study also shows that the symbiotic development of subjectification and objectification in the disposal system raises interesting questions for theories of grammaticalization.