茶堡話的不及物前綴及相關問題

An Intransitive Prefix in Japhug rGyalrong and Related Problems

本文討論嘉絨語茶堡話的不及物前綴和互動前綴。這些前綴同其他前綴相連時會產生複雜的變化，一共有 -ɤ-、-a- 和 -kɤ- 三種變體，這些變體是受前一個前綴語法功能的制約，而不是由其語音特徵所決定的。雖然茶堡話的 -a-/-ɤ- 不及物前綴的主要功能是派生出無施事者被動意義的動詞，但在原始嘉絨語裡該前綴的功能似乎更為廣泛，可以消除動詞的任何一個論元，而不只是施事者。-a-/-ɤ- 互動前綴來源於原始嘉絨語中的不及物前綴的特殊用法之一，在茶堡話中分化成了獨立的詞素。

This paper discusses the grammatical functions and the origin of two homonymous prefixes in Japhug, an intransitivizing prefix and a reflexive prefix. These prefixes have three allomorphs -F-, -a- and -kF- that are morphologically determined. In modern Japhug, the intransitivizing prefix can only be used to change a transitive verb into an agentless passive verb, but we show that in proto-rGyalrong, the functions of this prefix were much wider, as it could suppress any actant, not just the agent. Besides, we show that the reflexive prefix comes from a special use of the intransitivizing prefix in proto-rGyalrong, and was grammaticalized as an independent prefix only later in the Japhug language.