青海湟水方言中反作格語素“哈”的來源

The Origin of the Anti-ergative [xa] in Huangshui Chinese

本文描述了青海湟水方言中語素“哈＂的意義與來源。“哈＂的關鍵特點是標識如同藏緬語族中的反作格 (anti-ergative) 的語法範疇。本文論述了由於安多藏區文化的影響，該語素進入了湟水方言。此外，“哈＂進入湟水方言的機制是一種語言特色所交涉的複雜調節；如句末動詞語序，｀把＇字句與語調單位標識的語言特色。這些研究發現表明我們可以用生態學的觀點來重新構築詳盡的語言歷史。最後本文指出方言中使用相近語素作為話題標識，同時這種形式呈現不同的形態，關於這一特點的研究還有待挖掘。

This study describes the full range of meanings associated with the morpheme [xa] 哈 as it is used in the Huangshui 湟水 dialect of Qinghai province. Identifying its key feature as marking something like the “anti-ergative” in Tibeto-Burman languages, the paper argues that the morpheme entered the dialect as a result of contact with Amdo Tibetan. Further, it is argued that the mechanism by which it entered the dialect involved a complex accommodation negotiated among several features in those languages, including verb-final word order, the pǎ 把 pretransitive structure, and intonation unit (IU) marking. These findings suggest the possibility of reconstructing a detailed history of an individual language in a complex ecology, an ecology that is often referred to as a Sprachbund or “linguistic area.” Finally, the use of a topic-marker of similar phonetic form in the dialect, and variations of that form within the dialect, suggest further work is needed on the historical development of this feature.