嘉戎語動詞的非實然範疇

The Irrealis Category in rGyalrong

藏緬語族嘉戎語（四川西北）中，「實然性」為一形態完整並有統一標記之動詞曲折範疇。本文根據嘉戎語草登方言及其他主要方言之新材料，論證「實然狀況」為確實存在之跨語言語法類型(gram-type)。嘉戎語有獨特之非實然動詞形式，由非過去詞幹添加特殊ë-前綴(IRR1)及功用為標記完整體之方向前綴(IRR2)構成。除用於較典型之非實然語境外，非實然式還可區別一般之命令式、未來式（實然）及實現潛能較弱之延遲命令式、希冀式、遲疑式等（非實然）。本文兼論修梧方言中所發現一種實然構造中ë-前綴之用法，並推測此前綴過去曾有「緩和陳述斷言度」之廣泛語法功用。嘉戎語內部分歧顯著，而各主要方言非實然式用法共性極多，說明非實然式為本語植根深遠之超方言形態句法特徵。

This study offers fresh evidence for reality status as a cross-linguistic gramtype from rGyalrong (Tibeto-Burman, northwestern Sichuan), where it is a fullfledged, uniformly marked inflectional category. The irrealis verb form comprises a non-past verb stem plus the prefix ë- (IRR1) in combination with a perfectivitymarking orientation prefix (IRR2). Aside from occurring in prototypical contexts of irrealis semantics, verbs in the irrealis denote differential actualizing potentials between ordinary imperative and future (realis) versus postponed imperative, jussive, and dubitative future (irrealis). Also explored is a realis verbal formation sharing a particular chunk of irrealis morphology, namely the prefix ë-, which once may have served a unified function of marking the speaker’s attenuated assertion. Close parallelisms between divergent dialects of rGyalrong establish irrealis as a pan-dialectal morphosyntactic trait with deep roots in the rGyalrong language.