先秦漢語的受事主語句和被動句

On the So-called ‘Patient-as-Subject’ and ‘Passive’ Sentences in Pre-Qin Chinese

從以往的古漢語受事主語句和被動句研究著作，可以歸結出兩大難題，一是受事主語句和意念被動句的區別，二是被動標記的使用條件。本文建議擱置傳統主動與被動對立的觀點，改採狀態與行為的對立來詮釋相關問題。本文提出三項主張：（一）由動詞類型區別受事主語句和意念被動句，（二）以「表態」功能來解說受事主語句和被動句的語法作用，（三）「見」的功能在指明屬人主語的語義角色為「領受者」「見」「於」都是標註人際對待關係，、的記號。

Earlier studies of what are conventionally referred to as “patient-as-subject” and “passive” sentences in pre-Qín Chinese have addressed two problematic issues: (1) simply distinguishing the two types; and (2) determining the grammatical conditions under which the presumed passive markers 見 jiàn and 於 yú occur. In this paper, the author suggests discarding the active/passive contrast in the analysis of Pre-Qín Chinese, and recommends instead a contrast of stative vs. (humanly) active. It is here proposed that “patient-as-subject” sentences and “passive” sentences should be recognized by virtue of their verb types, and that either type serves the same grammatical function. Likewise, jiàn and yú should be analyzed as markers indicating direction of interpersonal treatment. This paper thus offers alternative solutions to the old conundrums, and provides evidence against the old assumption that Pre-Qín Chinese maintained an active vs. passive voice distinction as in English.