語言接觸下的方言變遷──以台灣的詔安客家話為例

Contact-Induced Change: A Case Study in the Zhao’an Hakka Dialect of Taiwan

從歷史語言學的研究來看，「語言接觸」是語言演變的主要機制，其涵義是指一個語言社區中，具有相當數量的雙語人口(Crowley 1997)。台灣詔安客家話的發展正是如此。同屬詔安客家話的二崙、崙背與南興，由於處在不同的語言環境，彼此有著截然不同的語言發展。這些地區的語言現象，為「語言接觸」的研究提供了豐富的素材。二崙、崙背是閩南話包圍下的客家方言島，語音與詞彙都明顯呈現「閩南化」的趨勢；南興則與四縣客家話接觸頻繁，音韻特徵漸趨向四縣客家話。本文根據筆者在二崙、崙背、南興的調查資料，透過與四縣客家話及崙背閩南話的比較，分成語音與詞彙兩方面，探討相同的語言在不同的語言接觸下所產生的語言變遷。

Historical linguistics teaches us that contact is a very important mechanism for language change, occurring whenever there is a large bilingual population within a given language community (Crowley 1997). Such has been the situation in the development of the Zhao’an Hakka dialect spoken in Erlun, Lunbei, and Nanxing. The linguistic developments are unique to each area due to differing situations, thus providing plenty of material for contact research. On the one hand, Erlun and Lunbei in Yunlin County are two Hakka dialect islands completely surrounded in a sea of Minnan speakers; consequently, pronunciation and lexicon in these two instances approximate the Southern Min dialect. In Nanxing, on the other hand, intimate contact with Sixian Hakka has resulted in assimilation towards that dialect. This paper, based on the author’s own field notes, discusses these changes in phonology and lexicon induced by contact with either Sixian Hakka or Southern Min.