高屏地區的語言分佈

Linguistic Layout of Kaohsiung and Pingtung Counties in Southern Taiwan

這篇論文的目的在呈現台灣的漢語（閩南語、客語、華語）和南島語（排灣語、魯凱語、布農語、鄒語）各個語種在高雄、屏東（高屏）地區的分佈。調查的焦點著重在非閩南語的分佈，因為高屏地區最優勢的語言是閩南語，把非閩南語的分佈調查清楚了，可以推斷其餘的就是閩南語的分佈區了。高屏地區的語言分佈用五張分區圖和一張總圖顯示，這些地圖用ArcViewGIS軟體繪製，附錄在本文之末。高屏地區的語言由海岸往內陸依閩南語、客語、平埔閩南語、南島語的順序呈層次性分佈。平埔閩南語是漢化的南島民族所操的一種閩南語。問題的關鍵在於為什麼這些平埔族不是被鄰近的客語所同化，反而被被客語隔離的閩南語所同化？本論文的解釋採用了簡炯仁(1997)的「夾心餅乾原理」。整個清代，平埔族扮演著漢族與未漢化原住民之間的緩衝，而客家人則扮演著閩南人和平埔族之間的緩衝。人口經濟最優勢的閩南人居住在本區土地生產力最豐富的西部平原，而其他的民族則不得不被推擠到較貧瘠的丘陵或山地。閩南人、客家人、平埔族、山地原住民的分佈正好反映了各族群的文化與經濟的勢力。但客家是在平埔族被閩南語同化之後才大量遷入閩南與平埔的中間地帶的，這就是為什麼平埔族說閩南語而不說客語的原因。

In the southern Taiwan counties of Kaohsiung and Pingtung can be heard three varieties of Han Chinese—Southern Min, Hakka, and Mandarin—and four of Formosan (Austronesian)—Paiwan, Rukai, Bunun, and Tsou. (This area is referred to as Kao-Ping.) Southern Min (or Minnan) speakers have the overwhelming advantage of numbers in the region. This study focuses, however, on the non-Min languages, with their distributions displayed in appended dialect maps (generated with ArcView GIS© software). Moving inland from the Kao-Ping coast, we can see four linguistic layers: Southern Min, Hakka, Pennpoo-Minnan, and the Formosan languages. (PennpooMinnan is a variety of Southern Min spoken in the sinicized territory of Siraya, an extinct Formosan language.) One obvious question begging for an answer is how the Hakka had apparently come to intrude into Southern Min territory. Chien’s (1997) buffer principle has been adopted for this problem. During the Ching Dynasty, the Pennpoo served as buffer between the Chinese and the unsinicized Formosans; the Pennpoo assimilated the language of their Southern Min neighbors; and then the Hakka in turn came between Southern Min and Pennpoo. While the more numerous Southern Min settled the best land to the west, the other ethnic groups were relegated to the less productive mountainous regions to the east. The linguistic layout of Southern Min, Hakka, Pennpoo, and the Formosan languages clearly reflects the historical, cultural, and economic forces at work in the region.