東勢客家話「同」與「分」的語法特徵及二者之間的關係

Grammatical Characteristics of tung and bun in Dongshi Hakka and the Relatedness of the Two Markers

本文一方面探討東勢客家話「同」與「分」的語法特徵，指出「同」具有伴隨者標記、來源標記、受益者標記及受事者標記的功能，而「分」則具有給予、容許、非自願允讓、致使、補語標記及施事者標記等用法，並嘗試從格式語法以及語法化兩個角度，來解釋這兩個語法標記同時具有多個語法功能的原因。另一方面，本文也對「同」與「分」在句法及語義上的異同，作了綜合性的比較，尤其指出「同」與「分」後所接的第三人稱代詞都具有虛指現象，而由此虛指現象所引發的語法化過程，二者也有相似的平行發展，說明「同」與「分」二者在結構上的關係十分密切。

This paper discusses the grammatical functions of tung and bun, two grammatical markers of Dongshi Hakka. It is noted that tung can function as a comitative marker, a source marker, a benefactive marker, or a patient marker, while bun serves various semantic functions such as meaning giving, permissive, unwilling permissive, or causative, as well as functioning grammatically as complement marker or agent marker. Construction grammar and grammaticalization theory are adopted to account for the multiple functions of tung and bun. Furthermore, this paper presents a detailed constructional comparison between tung and bun. The phenomena of a dummy pronoun occurring after both tung and bun and of grammaticalization processes parallel with TI and BI strongly suggest that tung and bun are intimately connected.