客家話的界定及客贛方言的分合

The Relationship of Hakka to Gan

本文討論了七種音韻現象在客家話及客家話的搭界方言閩語、贛語、粵語裡的今讀表現，並逐一畫出分布地圖。所討論的音韻現象為：(1) 古非敷奉母字的今讀；(2) 古微母字的今讀；(3) 古全濁上字的今讀；(4) 古次濁上字的今讀；(5) 古次濁平字的今讀；(6) 古宕攝合口三等非組字是否保留 i 介音；(7) 寅讀以脂切。本文指出古微母字今讀 m 和古次濁平字今讀陰平對東南方言不具有分類上的意義，而古非敷奉母字今讀雙唇音聲母、古全濁上字今讀陰平、古次濁上字今讀陰平、古宕攝合口三等非組字是否保留 i 介音則對東南方言具有程度不同的分類價值；“寅＂字讀以脂切的分布範圍雖然較小，但也有助於認識閩西客話的影響力。這些音韻特徵的分類價值都通過同言線圖而得到直觀的體現。基於對這些同言線圖的分析，本文提出典型的客家話所具備的音韻特徵是：（一）底層調位具有陽上調（包含部分古全濁上字和次濁上字）；（二）在白讀層裡古非敷奉母字有明顯保留重唇讀法的現象；（三） 在白讀層裡古宕攝合口三等非組字有保留 i 介音的現象。贛語基本上不具備這三項音韻特徵，因此不宜將客家話和贛語合為一個大方言。

The focus here is on the modern pronunciations of seven phonological phenomena in Hakka and three main neighboring dialects, Min, Gan, and Yue, illustrated with phonological maps. The seven phonological phenomena are: (1) modern dialectal reflexes of Middle Chinese 非 (fei), 敷 (fu) and 奉 (feng) initials; (2) reflexes of MC 微 (wei) initials; (3) reflexes of MC complete-turbid 上 (shang) tone words; (4) reflexes of MC secondary-turbid shang tone words; (5) reflexes of MC secondary-turbid 平 (ping) tone words; (6) retention or loss of medial i in the MC 宕攝合口三等 (dangshe-hekou-sandeng) fei group; and (7) pronunciation of 寅 (yin) by 以脂切 (yizhiqie). It is pointed out that modern reflexes of MC wei initials involve m- and that the modern pronunciation of MC secondary-turbid ping words is yinping; the Southeast dialects therefore cannot be classified by these criteria. However, MC fei, fu and feng initials become modern bilabials; MC complete-turbid becomes yinping; MC secondary-turbid shang becomes yinping, whether or not medial i is retained in the MC dangshe-hekou-sandeng fei group of words. These criteria are valid to varying degrees in classifying the Southeast dialects. The pronunciation of the word yin by yizhiqie is not widespread, yet is still helpful in detecting the influence of West Fujian Hakka. The isogloss maps highlight the classification value of these phonological features, leading us to typify Hakka as follows: (1) The original tones included yangshang, with some of the MC complete-turbid shang words and secondary-turbid shang words as well; (2) the obvious retention of bilabials in the colloquial layer of MC fei, fu and feng words; and (3) the retention of medial i in the colloquial layer of the MC dangshe hekou sandeng fei group. Gan does not display these phonological features. Therefore, judging by these criteria, Hakka and Gan should not be lumped together into one big dialect grouping.