「效法」、「設身而處地」與「觀者興起」——章學誠《文史通義》身體觀相關議題試探

An Exploration of Conceptions of the Body in Zhang Xuecheng’s Principles of Literature and History

本文旨在探討章學誠《文史通義》文獻中「效法」、「設身而處地」與「觀者興起」等身體相關概念的關連性：對經典中聖人前言往行之「效法」，能使身體積累涵養聖人靈明純粹的「天德」、「性命之氣」。此天德、性命之氣，若時時流通於吾人身心，將能使其臨文論古之際，為古人「設身而處地」－－亦即將涵有此「性命之氣」流行的身體，置於歷史情境中，身體中「仁義智」等天德性命之氣，將能自然感通歷史人事物中最深沈的情理，自然深思於歷史人事物中難顯之史意。由此養氣鍛鍊出的史識，能心知其意，裁度事理；如此所成就的史意文章，因涵有經典中聖人最深沈的性命之氣與情，故有「氣昌而情摯」現象；如此氣與情入人之深，將能使讀者身心獲得前所未有的感動，而使「觀者興起」「好善惡惡之心」，以得心術之正、人格之圓滿。因之，本文之價值意義，為期揭示章學誠《文史通義》「效法」、「設身而處地」與「觀者興起」等身體概念的緊密關連性，讓吾人對於章氏身體觀相關意涵有更深層的視域理解，同時看到中國史學與文學理論之間，亦能在「氣－－身體」觀此一特殊視角的燭照下，突顯其充滿智慧的義理光輝，及彼此不可分割的整體性。

This research aims to investigate the relationship between the body-related concepts set forth in Zhang Xuecheng’s 章學誠 Principles of Literature and History 文史通義. “Following the example” 效法 of the words and deeds of the Sages recorded in the Classics accumulates and nourishes in the subject the same spiritually pure “Heavenly virtue” 天德 and “qi of life” (性命之氣 energy flow of life) that the Sages possess. If the Sage’s Heavenly virtue and qi of life are constantly flowing through the body and mind, then when writing about and discussing the ancients one is able to “put oneself in their shoes” 設身而處 地—that is to say, able to place one’s body, flowing with this qi of life, in their historical circumstances, which then allows the Heavenly virtues of benevolence, justice, and wisdom in the body to naturally connect with the most profound truths of those historical figures and events, and causes the mind to reflect on their deep historical significance. The historical insight tempered through this cultivation of qi enables one to understand history and draw conclusions about its principles; and because historical essays written with this acquired insight in turn possess these deep qualities of the Sages of the Classics, these Sagely qualities will shine forth from the text and penetrate the depths of the reader’s mind, profoundly moving them; in this way “the reader is roused” 觀者興起 to do good and shun evil, setting aright their intentions and rounding out their character. This paper aims to offer a more in-depth understanding of Zhang Xuecheng’s conceptions of the body and to reveal how the concept of the “qibody” helps to illuminate both the profound wisdom in the principles shared by Chinese historical studies and literary theory and the fact they are mutually inseparable.