史實與傳說的分際－－福康安與乾隆帝關係揭秘

The Line between Historical Fact and Legend: The Relationship between Fu Kangan and the Qianlong Emperor

福康安（1754-1796）是清代非宗室者唯一生封貝子、卒贈郡王的滿人，因其所受恩寵「空前曠後、冠絕百僚」，故民國以來許多暢銷小說家或劇作家（如蔡東藩、許嘯天、高陽、金庸、瓊瑤及二月河等）遂圍繞此事加以發揮，指稱他是乾隆帝與傅恒妻私通所生，甚至演繹孝賢皇后（傅恒親姊）之死亦肇因於此姦情。相對於清史學界普遍的沉默，這些文學作品反而既深且廣地影響到一般社會大眾對相關史事的興趣與認識。本文透過許多新的材料與角度重探此事，推斷福康安應非皇帝的私生子，並從乾隆帝與孝賢皇后間超越死生的動人愛情切入，嘗試理解福康安為何會被自幼養在宮中，且一生際遇如此特別，而我們又該如何去拿捏史實與傳說的分際。

Fu Kangan 福康安 (1754-1796) was the only Manchu outside the Qing imperial clan to receive the princely title of beizi 貝子 and be posthumously honored as a junwang 郡王. The fact he was bestowed with such unprecedented favors by the emperor led early Republican-era novelists and playwrights to explore the precise nature of his relationship to the Qianlong 乾隆 Emperor. The most common theory was that Fu Kangan was Qianlong's illegitimate son. There was also speculation that the death of Empress Xiaoxian 孝賢皇后 (Fu Kangan's paternal aunt) was connected with Qianlong's affair with Fu Heng's 傅恒 wife. While the true identity of Fu Kangan remains one of history's unsolved mysteries, the abundant literary works inspired by Fu Kangan's story have dominated public understanding of his life. Drawing on new historical materials and points of view, this paper re-investigates this issue, concluding that Fu Kangan was not in fact Qianlong's illegitimate son. Further, I shall explore Qianlong and Empress Xiaoxian's genuinely moving love story to attempt to understand why Fu Kangan was raised in the palace and received special treatment from the emperor. I also wish to examine the relationship between historical fact and legend, and discuss how, with careful judgment, a combination of both kinds of information can benefit historical research.