「天聖令學」與唐宋變革

The 'Tiansheng Statutes' and the 'Tang-Song Transformation' Hypothesis

二十世紀由於有若干重要新材料的發現，所以開拓了許多新研究領域。上世紀末到本世紀初，最受矚目的新材料發現，當數藏在寧波天一閣的孤本明鈔本《天聖令》殘卷。北宋《天聖令》原有三十卷，現在殘存最後十卷，共十二篇。每一篇令文分為兩部分，前半曰：「右並因舊文以新制參定」，後半為「右令不行」；前半諸令文就是《天聖令》，總共殘存293條（不含附10條）；後半諸令文就是唐令，總共殘存221條；兩者共計514條。中國社會科學院歷史研究所天聖令整理課題組對殘存的宋令作了復原唐令工作。另外，自1999年開始發表有關《天聖令》論文以來，迄今十數年間，累積研究論文數已達二百篇以上，在2009年有關《天聖令》國際研討會上，我稱這樣蓬勃的研究風氣為「天聖令學」的開始。《天聖令》於宋仁宗天聖七年（1029）編成，至十年（1032）與《附令敕》、《天聖編敕》等一併鏤版施行。今日所見《天聖令》殘卷雖只傳存大約三分之一唐令及宋令，但仍可清楚理解它是終結唐制，轉折、立新宋制的法制文獻。《天聖令》殘卷在政治、社會、經濟制度等方面反映了三種法制特色，正是學界所主張「唐宋變革」說在下限方面的最具體說明，不能等閒視之。

The discovery of several new important documentary sources during the 20th century opened up new fields of historical studies. At the turn of this century, the discovery that has drawn the most attention is that of the remnants of the only surviving Ming dynasty copy of the ”Tiansheng Statutes 天聖令”, found in the Tianyi Pagoda 天一閣 Library in Ningbo 寧波. Compiled in the Northern Song dynasty, the ”Tiansheng Statutes” originally spanned thirty volumes, of which only the last ten volumes remain, comprising twelve chapters. Each chapter is split into two parts. At the end of the first half of each chapter is written the following: ”the above is based on the old text but has now been revised according to the new system”; these sections are the Northern Song dynasty ”Tiansheng Statutes”, of which a total of 293 entries remain (not including a further 10 appended entries). At the end of the second part of each chapter is the remark: ”the above legal statutes are now invalid”; these are Tang dynasty statutes, of which only 221 entries remain. This gives a total of 514 entries. A team of scholars at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of History has been tasked with reconstructing the Tang dynasty statutes based on the remaining Northern Song dynasty ”Tiansheng Statutes”. Additionally, since 1999 more than 200 related research articles have been published. At the International Conference on the ”Tiansheng Statutes” in 2009, I suggested that this proliferation of research on the ”Tiansheng Statutes” marked the beginning of ”Tiansheng Statutes Studies,” a new field of research in its own right. Compilation of the ”Tiansheng Statutes” was completed in 1029, but they were not published and implemented until the completion of the ”Fulingchi” (附令敕 Appended Rescripts) and ”Tiansheng bianchi” (天聖編敕 Tiansheng Compendium of Rescripts) in 1032. The ”Tiansheng Statutes” we see today represent only one third of the original Tang and Song statutes. However, they still clearly demonstrate the ending of the Tang legal system and the transition to and emergence of the new Song legal system. This fragment of the ”Tiansheng Statutes” provides us with a very clearly-defined earliest date for the so-called ”Tang-Song transformation” hypothesis, whose importance should not be overlooked in terms understanding the political, social and economic systems of the times.