論《切韻》麻韻和佳韻在吳方言中的演變與分合

The Phonological Development of Ma and Jia Rhymes in Modern Wu Dialects since the Time of the 'Qieyun'

漢語方言的音韻演變包括連續式、離散式、疊置式三種基本方式（徐通鏘1991），在共時層面分別由基本讀音（主體層）、特字讀音、文白異讀來體現。本文說明：（1）麻二、麻三、佳韻可分別追溯至共同吳語的[*o]、[*ia]、[*ai]，來自連續式音變，同時也跟徽、老湘方言的變化相平行。（2）麻二、佳韻部分特字的讀音反映了麻佳同韻的音類關係，從《切韻》韻目排序、《經典釋文》反切、古漢越語、日譯吳音、閩方言等資料來看，它屬《切韻》時代的吳音特徵。（3）麻三字[*ia]的演變體現出南、北吳語的不同，麻三章組在蘇州型吳語裏失落[i]介音讀[o]，此種元音後高化未必是由聲母性質決定的條件音變。南部吳語的麻三字有[ia]、[io]、[i]三種基本 類型，是由其共同前身[*ia]經歷不同的音變而來。（4）蘇州、紹興型吳語麻二見系的所謂文讀tɕio¹（「家」），是本地白讀韻母[o]與北方文讀聲母[tɕ]的音系折合。（5）上海、蘇州型吳語麻二見組的所謂白讀ka¹（「家」），是官話型的老文讀替換了本地的老白讀ko¹的結果，同時和江淮、西南、贛、客方言的白讀音與閩方言的文讀層來源相同，後來才接受更晚的官話型的tɕia¹作為新文讀。

According to Xu Tongqiang 徐通鏘 (1991), there exist three basic types of phonological evolution in Chinese dialects: continuant, discrete and overlapping sound change. This paper argues that: (1) The phonetic value of the ma 麻 II, ma 麻 Ⅲ, and jia 佳 rhymes can respectively be traced back to *o *ia *ai of the Common Wu 吳 dialect, and are the result of continuant change paralleling changes in the Hui 徽 and Old Xiang 湘 dialects. (2) The literary pronunciation of some special characters in the ma Ⅱ and jia rhyme groups show the relationship between rhyming phonemes, which various linguistic sources show were characteristic of the Wu dialect at the time the ”Qieyun” 切韻 was written. (3) Geographical differences in the phonological development of ma Ⅲ *ia are reflected in the modern northern and southern Wu dialects. (4) The reflex tɕio¹ (家 house), regarded as the literary pronunciation of the ma Ⅱ plus jian 見 initial group of characters in Suzhou 蘇州 and Shaoxing 紹興 dialect, is actually a combination of the colloquial final [o] in the local dialect and the northern literary initial [tɕ]. (5) The reflex ka¹ of the ma Ⅱ plus jian initial group, regarded as the colloquial pronunciation of 家 in the Shanghai 上海 and Suzhou dialect, is a result of the old literary pronunciation in northern Mandarin replacing the old local colloquial pronunciation, an origin shared with the colloquial stratum of pronunciation in Lower Yang-tze river Mandarin, Southwestern Mandarin, Gan 贛, and Hakka 客家 and the literary stratum of the Min 閩 dialects.