越南燕行使李文馥文化中華觀之特色

The Characteristics of the Cultural Views onZhonghwa of the Vietnamese Diplomatic Envoy,Lý Văn Phức: Based on His Mission to China

本文旨在探究越南燕行使李文馥文化中華觀之特色，文中針對中國、朝鮮、越南的傳統中華觀及中韓越日各國人物的中華觀進行研究，以分析其中華觀的特色，並歸納中華觀為「地理中華觀」、「文化中華觀」、「無中心的中華觀」三大類型，而李文馥的觀點屬於「文化中華觀」，他以「聖人教化」、「綱常道義」、「文章禮義」之有無作為中華與否之判準。李文馥出使福建時寫下〈夷辨〉一文，解構以中國為中心的世界秩序觀，進而建立起越南的文化主體性，廣受中國士大夫之好評與讚賞。他強調聖人教化的重要性，原本是民頑俗悍的地區，經過聖教化育之後，在文化上可由夷變華。在他的認知下，中華世界的成員不僅只有中國，還包括越南、朝鮮、日本、琉球，這個範圍符合當代東亞文化交流圈的概念，具有高度的時代意義與前瞻性。

This paper aims to elaborate on the characteristics of the cultural views of LýVăn Phức 李文馥, a Vietnamese diplomatic envoy, regarding Zhonghwa 中華.By focusing on the traditional views of Zhonghwa in China, Korea, and Vietnam,as well as the views of the figures in China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan regardingZhonghwa, this paper analyzes the features of these views and classifies theminto three types, namely, “Geographic Views on Zhonghwa 地理中華觀”,“Cultural Views on Zhonghwa 文化中華觀”, and “Centerless Views onZhonghwa 無中心的中華觀”. The views of Lý Văn Phức belong to “CulturalViews on Zhonghwa”, and Lý regarded “saint enlightenment 聖人教化”,“virtues and morals 綱常道義”, and “literacy, courtesy, and righteousness 文章禮義” as the standards to judge if something belongs to Zhonghwa. On hisdiplomatic mission to Fujian, he finished the essay “Distinction of Barbarians夷辨”, where he deconstructed the China-centered concepts of world order, andthen established the cultural subjectivity of Vietnam. This article won himfavorable remarks from Chinese literati and officialdom. Meanwhile, Lýunderlined the importance of saint enlightenment, and believed that a barbaricarea would culturally change into a civilized area through saint enlightenment.According to his understanding, the members of the Chinese world includeChina, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, and Ryukyu. The coverage is consistent with thecontemporary concept of the East Asian Cultural Sphere, and is highlymeaningful and forward-looking in the era.