再論唐代吐蕃軍事佔領區之建制

Reconsidering the Administration of the MilitaryOccupied Regions in Tibet during T’ang Period

唐代吐蕃武功赫赫，曾長期向其周邊行軍事擴張，建立了藏族史上國勢最強勁，疆域最廣闊的大帝國。疆域北達今新疆準噶爾盆地南緣，西界帕米爾高原西緣，南到印度恆河，東南抵今雲南省北境，東北界賀蘭山，東達今陝西省中部隴山之隴坻。在上述吐蕃所掌控的整體領域，吾人可以發現，吐蕃的政治中心位置偏南，除東南向雲南稍近外，其餘東、西、北三方向之邊區，均有千百里之遙。此現象透露了以下諸層意義：其一，吐蕃本部及其首府邏些的位置，有若隱身於叢山峻嶺之後，其周邊諸國對吐蕃無從行犁庭掃穴式的軍事行動；其二，從吐蕃政治中心與諸邊區的相關位置研判，可以瞭解吐蕃向外擴張的先後順序，係依照青康藏高原的地理形勢，推動有計畫、有條理的擴張行動；其三，吐蕃政治中心與諸邊區之間，由於距離遙遠，勢必依照疆土到手的時間先後，設計出一套如掌使指的建制，以方便掌控。凡此，筆者已於2007年之《中國藏學》發表〈唐代吐蕃軍事佔領區建制之研究〉一文，均已大致有所論述。然而，拙文出版後，陸續獲得同好的回響，諸如黃維忠之〈關於唐代吐蕃軍事佔領區建制的幾個問題〉；陸離之〈吐蕃河西北道節度使考──兼論吐蕃王國對河西北部地區的經略〉；黎桐柏之〈簡析吐蕃王朝邊境後拓轄區的軍政區劃〉等文，不但提出不同的意見，甚而指出拙文值得商榷之處。但筆者以為上述三文之主張仍有所疑義，需再進一步商榷。本文目的主要針對上引三文之主張，就唐代吐蕃軍事佔領區的建制，再次做釐清，並提出個人的見解。

As we all know that Tibet during T’ang period were warlike and expanded totheir neighbor countries. When they developed to the outside world, we can findout that their military expansion were according to the geographical situation ofthe Tibetan Plateau which made the military expansion to go through in a wellplanning and an orderly way. After they conquered the land of other countriesespecially from T’ang Dynasty, they also created the administrations for themilitary occupied regions. I’ve published an article in China TibetologyNo.4.2007 named The Administrative System in Area under the Tubo Occupationin the T’ang period which discussed the issues mentioned above. But my articlebrought lots of critical opinions from the colleagues of the Tibetan studies inMainland China. This article now reconsider on the administrations of theMillitary occupied Regions of Tibet during T’ang period under the criticalopinions to make clear which will be close to the historical truth.