東南亞抵抗政治：回應中國經濟滲透的類型學分析

The Politics of Resistance in Southeast Asia: A Typological Analysis of Local Resistance Against China’s Economic Penetration

本文分析中國在東南亞的經濟滲透對東南亞國家與社會的影響，並且探討在地的抵抗與回應，在經驗研究部分，本文特別關注越南、柬埔寨、寮國、泰國以及緬甸五個傳統上被認為「陸地東協國家」的代表性在地抵抗個案，並加上「海洋東協國家」馬來西亞的在地抵抗個案分析作為對照。在理論上本文採取政治人類學Scott的「弱者的武器」、建構主義的「日常政治的國際政治經濟學（EIPE）」、國際政治經濟學的「擴散」研究、對應中國的政經滲透模式，整合出一個類型學分析架構來解析抵抗政治的「成因」與「行動策略」。我們指出環境衝擊、資源獵取、補償不力、劣質施工、貿易與市場壟斷、管理壓迫、貪汙，這七項因素是驅動地方展開抵抗政治的核心理由。而陸地東協國家在傳統上被認為是與中國關係緊密的國家，因此也是被認為「最不可能」抗拒中國經貿誘惑的國家群（most unlikely cases）；而馬來西亞則是近年來最積極尋求中國資本的海洋東協國家之一。但是，本文的研究個案最早自2009年起發生，多半是近10年內存在或持續發生的在地抵抗案例，同時也都是東南亞政府與社會回應中國在當地的投資、建設、經濟布局，以及政治社會影響的具體作為。有鑑於此，本文希望從個案研究與類型學分析，逐步呈現東南亞抵抗政治的整體圖像。

This article is aimed at delineating the negative impacts caused by China’s economic penetration in Southeast Asia and categorizing how regional countries respond and how local people resist. Empirically, this article pays special attention to representative local resistance cases in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar, which were traditionally considered “mainland ASEAN countries.” In comparison, this article also studies one representative resistance case in one of the “maritime ASEAN countries-” the resistance against the East Coast Rail Link project (ECRL) in Malaysia. Traditionally, the mainland ASEAN countries have been considered as countries with close ties with China, and are therefore considered to be the “most unlikely” group of countries that resist the temptation of China’s trade and investment. Furthermore, Malaysia is considered to be one of the countries that most welcome Chinese capital. Additionally, since recent years, most of the local resistance cases that have existed or continued in the past 10 years are also specific actions of the Southeast Asian government and society in response to China’s local investment, construction, economic layout, and political and social impact. Theoretically, this article adopts James C. Scott’s “weapon of the weak” in political anthropology, the constructivist IPE -- “everyday politics of international political economics (EIPE)”, the concept of “diffusion,” and China’s political and economic penetration model. This article aims at building up a typological analysis framework to analyze the “causes” and “resistance strategies” to resist politics. We point out that the seven factors -- environmental impact, resource hunting, poor compensation, inferior construction, trade and market monopoly, management oppression, and corruption are the core reasons driving local governments and their people to resist. In view of this, this article hopes to present a clearer comparison of these cases and build the analytical foundation for studying the overall configuration of the politics of resistance in Southeast Asia.