日本出土十七世紀至十九世紀的貿易陶瓷

Trade-ceramics between 17th and 19th centuries unearthed in Japan

西元16世紀至17世紀時，東亞陶瓷的流通在日本發生了兩項特殊的變化。首先是日本國內開始出現了瓷器的生產。那是17世紀初期在有田地區開始燒造高級瓷器與日用品瓷器供給日本國內市場，至於對外貿易的陶瓷，則是接近於無的狀態。但是當國內所產瓷器趨於充足時，隨著特定的文化行為貿易瓷器遂被認可，進而明確化了需求的目的。第二點是「茶湯」的發展與流行。「茶湯」是日本獨特精神文化的行為，其中心不僅是貿易陶瓷器，同時也對陶瓷器需求產生重大影響。新的動向可見於18世紀興起了所謂「文人趣味」對海外文化的關注。特別是由於煎茶器、中式宴席料理的流行，以都市為中心出現了以中國為首的海外製品出土量。本文希望針對日本考古遺址出土的貿易陶瓷進行討論，藉以釐清當時日本貿易陶瓷需求之所在。

Two factors occurred in the 16^(th) to 17^(th) centuries that altered the flow of East Asian ceramics into Japan. The first factor was the birth of a domestic porcelain industry in Japan. Porcelains were produced in Arita from the beginning of the 17^(th) century ranging from high level products to wares made for everyday use that were aimed at the domestic market and as a result excavated levels of trade ceramics fall to practically nothing. However, even though the market was saturated with sufficient levels of domestically produced wares, it becomes clear that there was still a demand for trade ceramics that filled a specific cultural niche. The second factor revolves around the development of tea gatherings and its growing popularity. Tea gathering can be seen as a special Japanese form of spiritual and moral culture that greatly facilitated the demand for not just trade ceramics but indeed for related ceramics in general. A new trend that affected the consumption of trade ceramics emerged in the later half of the 18th century. This trend encapsulated the rise in interest of foreign culture and has been labeled ＂Bunjin shumi＂ or ＂Scholar Literati taste＂. Particularly in urban areas, Chinese and other foreign ceramic wares have been excavated reflecting growing popularity of steeped tea (sencha) and Japanese-Chinese cuisine (shippoku ryori). Specifically in this paper I aim to clarify the level of demand for trade ceramics as seen through excavated materials from archaeological sites in Japan.