洛克時代的知識共有物與網路時代的知識共享

Intellectual Commons in the Lockean Age and Creative Commons in the Internet Age

自英國《壟斷法案》頒佈以來，知識產權制度在從工業革命到互聯網時代的知識經濟市場結構中扮演了重要的角色。然而，在互聯網時代的知識產權問題趨於複雜化的背景下，植根於洛克時代的知識產權制度是否仍然具有正當性基礎，這是一個值得學界深入探討的問題，而本文試圖回到洛克理論本身來尋找答案。本文以洛克的勞動學說為分析框架，首先指出知識產品使用和消費的非競爭性以及知識的溢出效應是知識產品區別於有體物適用勞動學說分析時的兩個本質特徵；接著通過創造性地將知識產品“搭便車”行為納入勞動學說進行逆向分析，指出知識產品的非競爭消費性特徵為幾種特殊情形下的知識產權“搭便車”行為（如合理使用、強制許可等）提供了合理性基礎；本文還對知識產權史上著名的Millar v. Taylor案適用勞動學說分析，指出具有溢出效應的知識共有物為知識產權客體範圍的限制和公有領域的保留提供了合理性基礎。此外，透過一種獨特的語義演化的觀察視角，通過分析“知識產權”一詞在公元1800～2000年共兩百年間的語義使用頻率的變化趨勢，指出在簽訂TRIPS協定所折射的經濟全球化背景下勞動學說與知識產權合理性之間的動態的歷史性聯繫；最後，結合互聯網時代的新技術特徵，指出以強調信息接入權（Right of Access）和廣泛連接性為特點的互聯網結構（Architecture of the Internet）構成了對傳統私權觀點下知識產品財產權（Right of Property）的排他屬性的挑戰，這也是網路時代開放創新與知識產權的張力所在。

Since the Statute of Monopolieswas passed and enforced in UK, the Intellectual Property(IP) regime has played a significant role in the market structure of Knowledge Economy from the Industrial Revolution era to the Internet era. However, it remains an important issue for the IP scholars to research that whetherthe IP regime which was rooted in the Lockean age is still justified in the complicated and changinglntemet age. This article tries to find an answer via acareful reexamination of Lockean property theory. Firstly, this article raises that the non-rivalrousness and the Knowledge Spillover Effect are the two intrinsic characters of intellectual goods which are differentiated from the characters of Res Corporales in the analytical framework of Lockean property theory. Secondly, this article creatively conducts areverse analysis of the free-riding of IP whthin the standard framework of Lockean theory andpoints out that the non-rivalrousness of intellectual goods partly justifies the free-ridingof IP under some special conditions. Thirdly, this article analyses thewell-known case of Millar v. Taylor within the framework of Lockean property theory and points out that the knowledge spill-over effect of the intellectual coxnmonscould justify the restriction of the scope of IP objects and the reservation of public domains. Besides, this article analyses the changing trend of the using frequency of word of 'Intellectual Property' duringl 1800~2000 A.D. and proposes thatthe relationship between Lockean property theory and the justification of IP is rather a dynamic historical connection under the background of the signature of TRIPS and the trend of the Economic Globalizaiton than a static logical connection. Finally, this article points out that the emphasis of the right of access and the connection of nodes in the architecture of the Internet composes of a huge challenge to the right of property and its exclusive character within the traditional framework of Lockean property theory, which is exactly the tension of Open Innovation in the Internet age and the Intellectual Propertywhich was rooted in the traditional Lokean property theory's age.