遇難船避難准入制度的沿革及對我國的啟示

Evolution of Places of Refuge for Ships in Distress and Implications for China

當船舶在海上遭遇海難，並且危及船上人命及財產安全時，往往會選擇臨近沿海國請求避難或救助並進行修理。但是如果遇難船載運油類、有毒有害等貨物時，沿海國往往基於環境保護及安全需要，拒絕遇難船進入避難地的請求。國際上先後發生1999年'The Erika'、2001年'The Prestige'等案件，這些油輪均因為被沿海國相繼拒絕進入避難地而最終沉沒大海，導致更為嚴重的海洋環境污染損害後果。一些國際組織也紛紛呼籲沿海國應當為這些遇難船舶提供適當的避難地。一方面是遇難船無助地試圖尋求包括避難地在內的救助，一方面是沿海國冷冷地以各種藉口拒絕。如何平衡船舶安全與海洋環境保護之間的各方利益，一直是國際社會不懈努力的目標。本文首先從遇難船准入問題的由來作為切入點，從歷史沿革以及國際公約的相關規定，提出目前國際立法在解決遇難船避難地准入方面存在的障礙和問題，並分析國際社會對於遇難船避難地問題的對策和我國目前的應對情況，最後提出相關應對機制構建的建議和對策。

If a ship is in distress endangering the safety of life and properties on board, the ship in distress usually chooses to apply for nearby places of refuge for assistance and repairing. However, the coastal states usually refuse the application for refuge for the sake of environment protection and safety, especially if there are crude oil or HNS cargo on board the ship in distress. In the infamous case, such as 'the Erika' (1999), 'the prestige' (2001), tankers had been refused access for refuge by coastal states and sunk, causing much more serious ocean pollution. Some international organizations call that all coastal states provide places of refuge for ships in distress. On one hand, helpless ships in distress try to find all assistances including place of refuge, on the other hand, almost all coastal states refuse the application from the ships in distress. Therefore, how to balance the safety of ships in distress and the protection of ocean environment is always the target for the international community. The paper traces the background of this problem as well as some international conventions, and points out the problems and obstacles in solving the access to refuge by ships in distress, analyzes the current international and Chinese solutions and presents some suggestions and proposals in final part.