晚明季本《四書私存》之特色及其意義

The Characteristics and Meaning of Ji Ben’s Sishu Sicun in the Late Ming

「如何闡釋良知之教」，不僅是王門學人自修、講會論學、弘揚師教的核心課題，亦是後代研究者所關注者。不過，諸多門人中不乏異行者，浙中王門季本（字明德，號彭山，1485-1563）以撰著經解闡發師教，即是其中一例。如何看待、詮解這個看似違背師教，卻又為當事人確信得以弘揚王學之舉，是一個值得探究卻尚待開發的課題。本文擬從形式上與思想內容上，取彭山諸多經注中，甚為重要的《四書私存》一書，進行討論。在形式上，相較於當時《四書》類制舉用書，彭山刻意輯錄師說，以入其書，正可見其用心；在內容上，彭山批判朱子性論、將朱子比為告子，及對致知的新解等特色，更可揭示其經注背後欲闡述師說的意圖。

‘How to expound the doctrine of realizing innate knowledge’ was a core issue among Wang Yangming’s disciples that touched upon the correct way to cultivate the self, lecture and study. Among Wang’s many followers, a member of the Zhezhong branch of Wang’s school, Ji Ben, advocated a unique approach, which sought to expound Wang’s teaching through the use of classical commentary. Since Wang objected to this method of exposition, Ji Ben’s insistence on using it reveals that he strongly believed in its efficacy. Ji’s classical expositions represent an important and worthwhile topic of investigation; however, they have yet to be adequately studied. In an effort to remedy this situation, this paper analyzes the format and intellectual content of Ji Ben’s commentaries, focusing on the Sishu sicun, which was one of his most important works. The paper first compares the format used in the Sishu sicun to that of the imperial examinations. Ji Ben intentionally included his teacher's quotations in this book, which distinguished it from works that adopted the perspective of Zhu Xi. Second, in terms of content, Ji Ben criticized Zhu Xi’s theory of the nature, comparing him with Gaozi. Ji moreover included new explanations regarding the extension of knowledge, which reveals that his writings on the classics were aimed at expounding Wang Yangming’s learning.