土地崇拜與豐產儀典的性質與演變－－以先秦及禮書為論述核心

Pre-Qin Dynasty Land Worship, Harvest Rituals, and Their Transformation

本文由原始思維、宇宙觀、宗教信仰、倫理觀與儀式政治學諸多面向探討土地崇拜及豐產儀式的性質與特色，主要以四個章節探討此議題。首先，由季節性的豐產儀式分析其與原始思維與隱喻的關係，並點出宇宙循環、再生與土地崇拜、政教的關係。其次，在豐產儀式中呈現強烈死而再生的循環，本文透過高禖與合男女等性與婚育儀典說明其與土地崇拜及宇宙生命力的關係，並說明隨著文明的進程，「土」的概念和信仰不斷發生轉變，連帶對繁育儀典亦發生重大影響。第三，探究秋冬儀式中替罪羊、獻祭等濃厚死亡象徵的儀典，包含如何以犧牲之血、內臟、牲首輿穀實復活土地之生命力？如何透過替罪羊來轉化他者、異族？．．．等課題，象徵生與死的儀典，實為一體兩面。透過回歸渾沌象徵文明的暫時消泯，使自然與社會、人倫秩序在經歷結構／反結構的過程中，被更新和重整，並使得宇宙之生命力得以源源不絕的再生。最後，論及土地崇拜的權力化以及儀典的符號化對儀式精神的轉化與影響。

This article discusses Pre-Qin Dynasty land worship and harvest rituals from the perspective of primitive thought, cosmology, religious beliefs, ethics, and ritual politics. In the first section, I analyze the relationship between harvest rituals, primitive thought, and metaphor, and then I discuss the relationship between the cyclical nature of the universe, rebirth, worship, and church and state. The second section discusses the harvest rituals, which symbolize the cycles of birth and rebirth. Through the analysis of Gaomei (高禖), sexual relations, weddings, and birth ceremonies, I interpret their relationships with land worship and the life force of the universe. In the third section, I examine such topics as autumn and winter sacrifices, where an animal's blood, organs, and head are used to revive the life force of the universe and to increase crop yields; and the use of animal sacrifices to transfer guilt to others. It becomes clear that the ceremonies of birth and death are two sides of the same coin. Returning to chaos symbolizes the temporary disappearance of civilization, which causes the structural and anti-structural processes of nature, society, and human relations to be renewed and adjusted. Thus, the life force of the universe is reborn ceaselessly. I conclude by discussing the transformation and influence of land worship and harvest rituals.