從限定副詞到充分條件連詞

From Restrictive Adverbs to Sufficient Conditional Conjunctions

從六朝開始，漢語史上便陸續出現標誌充分條件的連詞，包含單音連詞「但」以及雙音連詞「但使」、「但令」、「但是」、「但凡」、「只要」等。這些連詞或源自限定副詞，或由限定副詞所構成，顯示限定副詞和充分條件連詞具有一定的演變關係。本文希望能釐清其闊的演變，包括從副詞到連詞的語法化演變以及雙音連詞的成詞演變。文中指出，限定副詞「但」和動詞組「只要」，是因為吸納語境中的關係義而語法化為充分條件連詞，「但使」、「但令」和「但是」則是由於動詞「使」、「令」和「是」語法化後粘附於前方的連詞「但」而形成，並列式連詞門「但凡」則是依詞法複合而成。若根據構成關係，這五個雙音連詞可分成三種：組合式、偏義式及並列式。漢語史上雖然陸續出現標誌充分條件的連詞，且其使用頻率也日漸提高，但它們並非此類句式的必要成分，只起強化或鞏固關係的作用。

Since the Six Dynasties, a number of sufficient conditional conjunctions have developed, including the monosyllabic conjunction dan and the disyllabic conjunctions danshi (但使), danling, danshi (但是), danfan, and zhiyao. All of these conjunctions were derived from or composed of restrictive adverbs, indicating that there is an evolutional relationship between the restrictive adverbs and the sufficient conditional conjunctions. This paper discusses the grammaticalization of these sufficient conditional conjunctions and also the formation of the five disyllabic conjunctions. The paper argues that (a) it was due to the absorption of the contextual meaning that the restrictive adverb zhi and the verb phrase zhiyao were grammaticalized into sufficient conditional conjunctions; (b) the formation of the disyllabic conjunctions danshi (但使), danling, and danshi (但是) was initiated by the grammaticalization of shi (使), ling, and shi (是), respectively; and (c) the coordinating conjunction danfan was formed through compounding. The construction of the five disyllabic conjunctions can be grouped into three types: compositional, pianyi (which takes the meaning of just one of the two morphemes), and coordinative.