娥蘇拉‧勒瑰恩的《一無所有》：資源匱乏與烏托邦追尋的成長之旅

Ursula K. Le Guin's 'The Dispossessed': A Utopia-Searching Bildungsroman for the Age of Resource Scarcity

娥蘇拉．勒瑰恩 （Ursula K. Le Guin）曾說：「小說家的任務就是說謊」。但說謊編故事，不是為了逃避或耍弄，而是為了挑戰現狀，說出真實，面對我們不敢面對的難題。勒瑰恩寫作《一無所有》（The Dispossessed）的動機就是要挑戰資本主義的價值與制度並探討「無政府的共產主義」實踐的可能。《一無所有》舖陳在「無政府的共產主義的」革命烏托邦長大的主角薛維克，因為不滿集體制約和壓迫，自我放逐到「資本私有」的母星烏拉斯，然後在兩種制度、兩種價值裡迷惑、試煉與再生的成長故事。薛維克最終肯定他原先想逃離的革命烏托邦，才是人類文明未來的正確抉擇。整體而言，這部小說就是薛維克（Shevek）的「無我」人格與世界觀的學習、試煉與成熟的心路歷程。由生態論述的觀點看來，《一無所有》是一部朝「環境轉向」的烏托邦小說的先驅。勒瑰恩的創舉就在她將「資源匱乏」這個「反烏托邦」的限制性因素，逆向操作，開啟了政治理念豐富的實驗空間。透過科幻烏托邦的顛覆想像，作者探索在資源匱乏條件下，人類該思考以何種整體性的革命，重塑政經制度、生活價值與生命哲學，以面對未來環境變遷與資源匱乏的危機。

In ”The Dispossessed”, Ursula K. Le Guin (1929- ) intends to explore the possibility of building an ”anarchist communist” society. She openly states that her purpose of writing fantastic stories is to provoke readers to confront the reality of our ”primary world” with a contrasting alternative of a ”secondary world.” The story of ”The Dispossessed” centers on the life of Shevek, who exiles himself from his dispossessed homeland, Anarres, to seek new freedom on Urras, where the capitalist ethic of competition and possession is the dominative life value. After testing himself in two conflicting systems, Shevek finally affirms that the revolutionary utopia of ”The Dispossessed” is the right path human species shall choose to achieve the potential of an evolutionary social being. Generally speaking, ”The Dispossessed” is a novel of ”education,” elaborating how Shevek's ”dispossessed” self and worldview is formed, tested, renewed and matured. From eco-critical point of view, Le Guin's contribution is to make the negative condition of ”scarcity” into a positive space where new political, economical, gender and language emancipation could be experimented. With the dialectic power of utopian imagination, Le Guin helps us to explore what a possible community ethos we might need to cultivate when the age of resource scarcity is here to come.