從偽裝到扮／表演：失能者的身體政治

From Passing to Masquerade and Performance: The Body Politics of People with Disabilities

失能行動主義者強調身體乃權力較勁的場域，失能者因身體上的不同，在文化論述機制中總被建構為他者。失能身軀脆弱的物質性無以抵抗能者意識形態及權力的宰制，致使難以建構自主的主體，其受教、工作、及參與公共空間的機會也因而受到剝奪。失能之身軀實則潛藏了深厚的政治意涵，從自我認同的危機、被邊緣化、被隔離、被歧視、到被剝奪公民權及生存權等，都呈現出高度的政治操作，而在主流社會中，這些問題卻隱而未現，或被視為尋常。本文將就此長久缺漏的議題，進行探研論思，文中自盯視、回視、偽裝、坦現（claiming）、扮演及展演的角度，探討失能者的自我認同與身體政治，論述他們如何回觀反制能者主義的宰制以建構自決主體。本文以林丹（Simi Linton）的《我的身體政治：回憶錄》（My Body Politic:A Memoir）作為文本參考，並以當代相關身體論述，析論失能的身體政治，及其論述如何與能者主義的野蠻與宰制辯證對話，如何提供失能身軀解放的策略。本文依此解析失能身軀多元的政治符指，論述權力以何種策略來規範常態身軀及邊緣化異常身軀，並再現失能論述顛覆能者身體霸權的多元策略。

Disability activists assert that body is a place of power struggles and disability is socially constructed. With ”different” bodies, people with disabilities, under the constant and prejudiced staring from ableism, are stigmatized as ”the other” by the dominant culture. They are deprived of the rights and opportunities to receive integrate education, get a job, and participate in the public space. As a result, they can hardly claim subjectivity or identity. Insofar as they are discriminated against, marginalized, and disfranchised, they become dehumanized. In the 70s, disability activists and scholars started to claim their rights as human and citizens and, furthermore, to undermine the domination and hegemony of the ableist ideology. Drawing on Rosemarie Garland-Thomson's theory of staring, Lennard Davis' discourse on the construction of normalcy, Robert McRuer's crip theory about the able-bodied performance, Fiona Kumari Campbell's discussion of ableism, and Tobin Siebers' theory on passing and masquerade, the essay studies the body politics of the disabled, with a special emphasis on Simi Linton's My Body Politic: A Memoir, from the perspectives of staring, passing, claiming, masquerade, and performance; it also illustrates how their arguments provide the strategies for liberating people with disabilities from stigmatization and oppression.