職業暴露二甲基甲醯胺之皮膚吸收與生物偵測

Skin Absorption and Biological Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to N,N-Dimethylformamide

二甲基甲醯胺（N,N-dimethylformamide, DMF）據文獻報導為易經由皮膚吸收之物質之一，但過去針對 DMF 之皮膚吸收之研究大多以人體自願者為研究對象，缺乏實際職場之推估，而目前多數職業上之 DMF 暴露評估僅考慮呼吸暴露途徑而忽略皮膚暴露途徑；因此本研究之目的為建立 DMF 呼吸與皮膚之職業暴露暨其尿中生物暴露指標之相關性。本研究以職業暴露 DMF 之四家工廠員工進行環境與生物偵測，研究對象共 75 名。環境偵測包括個人呼吸帶與手部（手前臂與手掌、手背）之 DMF 量測，生物偵測則包括每位受試者之上下班前尿液中DMF與N-methylformamide (NMF)之濃度值。本研究發現：1.不同製程之 DMF 工廠員工空氣、手部皮膚之暴露濃度有顯著差異，其中以合成皮製造業暴露濃度為最高。2. DMF 之手部、手前臂之暴露在銅箔基板業及亞克力纖維業較不嚴重，但於合成皮製造業則較為嚴重且皮膚暴露部位以手部為主。3.本研究發現尿中生物指標（NMF 與 DMF）與員工之空氣DMF 暴露與手部DMF 暴露有顯著相關，即使調整空氣中DMF 暴露後，手部DMF之暴露濃度對尿中生物指標值仍有顯著影響，表示DMF皮膚暴露的確在職業暴露DMF族群需進一步防治。

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been considered as one of most readily skin-absorbed chemicals in literature. The previous reports regarding skin absorption of DMF were, however, conducted in a wellcontrolled condition in the laboratory using human volunteers. The skin absorption estimation of DMF exposure in actual occupational environment is still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the relations of urinary DMF biomarkers to the DMF exposures via inhalation and skin in the occupational settings. Seventy-five employees in four DMF-related factories were recruited in this study. Environmental monitoring included breathing-zone sampling and dermal sampling on forearms and hands for each participant. Individual-based biological monitoring included the pre- and post-shift urine measurements with respect to biological monitoring of urinary levels of DMF and N-methylformamide (NMF). We found that 1. Significant differences of DMF concentrations in air and skin were found among different manufacturing processes. Among them, synthetic leather industry was found with the highest DMF exposure. 2. Contrasting to unremarkable skin exposure in hands and forearms in the manufacturing processes of copper-laminate circuit board and synthetic acrylic fiber, the skin exposures in synthetic leather industry were considerably significant. 3. The urinary biomarkers of DMF exposure in this study were significantly associated with both the exposure via inhalation and that via skin. The contribution of skin exposure in hand to urinary biomarkers remained significant even after adjusting the contribution of inhalation exposure. This study affirmed that the skin exposure for those workers who are occupationally exposed to DMF is an important issue in control.