採礦助餉：18 世紀初期山東的開礦熱潮與督礦調查

Mining for Fiscal Control: Bureaucratic Negotiations over Shandong Mines in Early Eighteenth-Century China

清朝康熙58至59年間（1719-1720），山東全省興起開礦的熱潮，山東巡撫李樹德奏請在濟南、兗州、青州、登州四府礦場開採，但康熙帝玄燁派員查勘採礦後，發現礦利甚微，遂下令停止開採。其實18世紀初期山東地區的採礦活動，緣起於地方發生饑荒災害，民間的訴求是希望透過採煤鉛來改善生活困境；地方官員則有感於地方財政虧損及私人開銷費用過大，也盼想投資開礦獲得鉅利，以解決財政治理與生計負擔的燃眉之急。但是開採新礦違背當時的礦冶治理政策，於是督撫官員奏摺掩飾了地方官開礦的真實意圖，進而提出開礦濟軍、充裕國課、下瞻商民等正當訴求。經歷此一開礦事件與督礦調查，清代的礦業開採重心轉移它地，山東被認為是不適合發展礦業的地區，地方官也只能另謀財源，設法解決地方財政問題。

This article explores the fiscal bargaining between center and province through the case of mining activities in Shandong in the late Kangxi reign. Local interest in mining silver and lead ores increased due to famines. People in famine-stricken Shandong saw mining as a means to reduce their financial suffering. Provincial officials also hoped to profit from mining in order to solve their own problems such as local deficits or extravagant personal expenses.However, mining was highly regulated throughout the empire. To obtain imperial permission, the governor Li Shude argued that mining profits from Shandong could fund imperial military spending and fill the imperial coffer. Emperor Kangxi was persuaded in the beginning. But he quickly discovered the reason for local officials' vested interest in mining and decided to close mining operations in Shandong. Since then, the mining centers of the Qing were developed in other places. Shandong was considered unsuitable for mining. Local officials thus had to seek other sources for solving their deficit problems.