修憲實質界限是否可能？論Sieyès 1795年熱月演說中的憲政制度設計與制憲權學說的修正

Are Substantive Limitations on Constitutional Amendments possible? On the Constitutional System in the Thermidor-Speechs of Sieyés in 1795 and the Modification of His Own Theory of Pouvoir Constituant

本文將把焦點集中在Sieyès於1795年所做的兩篇熱月演說，試圖梳理出Sieyès在雅各賓獨裁後的思想轉折。與之相對應的，Sieyès他提出了特殊的「相互合作」式分權設計以及憲法委員會兩種制度設計，以節制立法機關、防止權力集中。本文並將指出，儘管Sieyès後期的理論漸趨溫和，但因為在其論證中，修憲權仍然與制憲權同一，因此即使可以導出修憲的形式性限制，但仍無法真正導向修憲有界限說的結論。只有在Schmitt對Sieyès的制憲權理論進行轉化後，才能導出修憲有界限說。

This article focuses on two speeches that Sieyès held in Thermidor 1795, aiming to represent the transition of his thought after the Jacobin dictatorship. At that time, to impose a limit to the legislature and to avoid the concentration of powers, Sieyès projected two specific institutions in his constitutional draft, a separation-of-powers system with the principle of ＂concours＂ and the ＂Jury constitutionnaire＂. Furthermore, despite the fact that his thinking later tended to become more moderate, this article also points out that only procedural limits, but not the theory of limitations on constitutional amendments, was derived from Sieyès’ later thought. This was mainly because pouvoir constituant and pouvoir constitué were still regarded as equal in rank in his argumentation. The theory of limitations on constitutional amendments arose only after Schmitt reinterpreted Sieyès’ concept of pouvoir constituant.