論懲罰性賠償制度在著作權領域中的引入－－以《著作權法》第三次修改為背景

Research on the Establishment and Application of Punitive Damages in China’s Copyright Infringement: in the Background of the Third Amendment of Copyright Law of China

懲罰性賠償是一種源於英美法系的責任形式，現代意義上的懲罰性賠償制度誕生於英國，並很快被英美法系國家廣泛接受。在著作權侵權領域，英國、美國、加拿大都形成了獨具特色的懲罰性賠償制度。大陸法系一直以來以完全賠償為原則，堅持以填平為目標的補償性賠償，視“懲罰性賠償”這一超於補償目的的責任形式為異類，但在近些年的立法實踐與理論探討中，法國、德國、我國台灣地區等都在不同領域作出了突破。然而，在制度移植過程中，傳統理論對公私法功能分界、侵權法功能定位的詬病是我們探討在著作權侵權領域引入懲罰性賠償制度時不可回避的問題。如果從公私法的功能分界、侵權法的預防功能、刑法謙抑原則、刑事責任與補償性損害賠償所面臨的理性冷淡多角度審視這一問題，懲罰性賠償在著作權法中的引入似乎並不存在根本障礙。著眼於我國著作權保護狀況，現實中確實存在著著作權侵權行為泛濫、著作權刑法保護不足、補償性賠償判罰水平偏低等問題，具有震懾效果的懲罰性賠償制度的引入具有非常現實的意義。在《著作權法》第三次修改正如火如荼進行的今天，明確懲罰性賠償制度目的、釐清懲罰性賠償與其他損害賠償形式之間的關係、明確懲罰性賠償制度的適用條件才是“當務之急”。

Punitive damages derived from common law liability. Punitive damages regime in the modern sense born in England, was soon widely accepted by common law countries. In the field of copyright infringement, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada have developed a unique system of punitive damages. Civil law system which has been to the principle of full compensation, adheres to compensatory damages with the goal of filling the loss of infringee, and regards the punitive damages as foreigners. But some civil law countries or regions, such as France, Germany and Taiwan, have made a breakthrough in legislative practice or theoretical discussion in recent years. However, the criticism of traditional theory about thefunctional division of public and private law, about the functional positioning of tort law are unavoidable problems when we explore the way to introduce the punitive damages into the field of copyright infringement. If we examine these problems above from four perspectives: the functional division of public and private law, the preventive function of tort law, and the rational apathy accompanied with criminal responsibility and compensatory damages, we will find that there is no obstacle to introduce punitive damages into copyright law. Focused on the situation of protection of right in copyright field, some problems existed in reality make the punitive damages meaningful, such as the flooding of copyright infringement, the insignificance of criminal protection, and the universal compensatory damages on the low side. In the background of the third time modification of copyright law, it is a priority to make clear three subjects: the purpose of the punitive damages, the relationship among the punitive damages, compensatory damagesand the statutory damages, and the condition of the appliance of punitive damages.