環境損害賠償與公益信托－－以福島核事故為中心

Compensation of Environmental Damage and the Idea of Public Trust: Focusing on Fukushima Disaster

福島核輻射事故造成包括森林、海洋、湖泊、地下水等的環境損害，其中，有些是私人受到了損害，有些是社會受到了損害。這些損害應該如何賠償？特別是自然資源價值的賠償是問題的難點所在，比如自然資源之森林，交換價值的賠償應歸屬於所有人，其非使用價值則應歸屬於公眾。因此，非使用價值則應賠償給公眾。但是，如何歸屬呢？對此，宜採用公益信托理念，由國家或地方政府作為受托人，為了社會整體享有利益，請求賠償。而賠償方式也是一個重要問題，一般有恢复原狀、金錢賠償兩種，一般計算出的環境價值減少部分低於恢复原狀的費用，但如果能準確計算出全部自然資源價值，環境價值減少部分與恢复原狀的費用基本上相同。因此，公益受托人可以選擇任何一種適於該情形的賠償。

Environmental damages caused by Fukushima Nuclear Accident include damages to forests, ocean, lakes, ground waters etc.,whether privately owned or public. How these damages should be compensated is a difficult problem, especially the compensation of natural environment is an unsolved problem. As for the natural environment, such as forests, compensation for the exchange value will be given to the owner of the property, but the non-use value of natural environment belongs not to the owner of the property but to the public. Therefore the compensation of nonuse value should be given to the public. But how? Applying the doctrine of public trust, the state or the local government should be allowed to act as public trustee for the interest of the whole society and claim for compensation of non-use value of the natural environment. The method of compensation is also an issue. Basically there are two methods, compensation of the costs for restitution of the environment and compensation of the diminished value of the environment. Usually the lost value is calculated to be lower than the restitution costs. But if all the non-value of the natural environment is properly calculated, the lost value of the environment will be almost the same as the restitution costs. The public trustee should be able to choose whichever method he thinks fit to the situation.