論物上負擔制度

The Encumbrance Rule

財產法從觀念和制度上都需要變革，物上負擔制度具有先驅性意義。從方法論上講，前瞻性原理和整體性判斷將使財產法更加現代和自由；從歷史上講，物上負擔是古今中外的普遍實踐；從經濟現實上講，對權利層疊的規範將有效地緩解稀缺問題；從制度構成上講，物上負擔制度將實現對既有制度的批判與升華；從體系上講，物上負擔制度將推動大陸法系和英美法系的融合。物上負擔制度調整物上非直接支配性權利，明確交易中三方的權利構成與風險負擔，希望重構財產權利的對抗力制度，不是以權利性質為基礎，而是以證據和證明責任為根本標準。

Encumbrance is the pioneer of the property law’s reformation. Regulating encumbrances on title, which are the non-dominating rights, with the purpose of solving the scarcity by layering the rights, encumbrance is designed to distribute the rights and risks among the three parties in the trade, and it pays more attention to the counter-force than the nature of the specific right in certain situation, which depends on the proof and the burden of proof. As a burden on title, encumbrance exists widely in history and in reality; and as an institution, with the motivation and the judgment from the whole legal system as methodology, encumbrance would promote the conception and the institution of the traditional property law of civil law.