中國基本權利立法的演進：從蘇維埃式的人權理論到聯合國普世人權標準的影響

The Evolution of Fundamental Rights Legislation in the PRC: From a Soviet Model of Human Rights Theory to the Influence of the UN Universal Standard of Human Rights

法制移植是進行法制改革常見的一種途徑。由於接受了前蘇聯的馬克思－列寧思想，中國在起草1954年與1982年的憲法時，十分受到蘇維埃模式的影響。具蘇維埃特點的憲政權利在中國憲法裡隨處可見－即國家有義務確保自由權利以及社會經濟權利的實現，同時捍衛國家及集體權利，使其免受個人權利訴求的傷害。因此之故，社會主義法制下的權利觀念不在於抗衡國家權威，而被視為共產政權為強化社會團結而提供之機會。不過，以自由主義為根基的聯合國人權條約在左右中國人權立法的程度上雖然有限，但仍有其潛在的影響力量，縱使各地法院並沒有能力適用這些條約。在我看來，中國統治高層在某個程度上有意願依據聯合國的人權標準進行人權立法改革，但這些改革不能威脅到中國共產黨的統治地位，也必需確保社會秩序不受到破壞。另一方面，新的人權立法能否納入聯合國的普世人權標準，也要看改革人士與左派馬克思主義者在意識型態上鬥爭與妥協的結果。

Legal transplant is one of the common means of legal reform. Due to sharing Marxist-Leninist ideology with the former Soviet Union, the drafters of China’s constitution were highly influenced by the Soviet model both in the Constitutions of 1954 and 1982. Constitutional rights with Soviet features can easily be found in China’s Constitutions where the State holds a positive obligation to ensure the fulfillment of both liberal rights as well as social and economic rights, and defend state and collective interests from infringement by the demands of individual rights. Thus, rights in socialist legal order are not an effective instrument against state authorities, but are treated as an opportunity provided by Communist regimes with the purpose of enhancing social solidarity. UN human rights treaties founded on liberal ideologies have some limited but potential impact on shaping human rights legislation in China, despite the fact that domestic courts have no competence to apply UN human rights treaties. In my view, this implies to some extent that Chinese ruling elite would be favorable to promoting reform of human rights legislation in compliance with UN human rights standards on condition that any new human rights legislation offers no threat to the ruling status of China’s Communist Party as well as ensuring that social order would not be overthrew by new human rights legislation. On the other hand, the outcome of an ideological struggle and compromise between the reformers and Marxist Leftists is the crucial factor determining incorporation of UN universal standards into China’s new human rights legislation.