經驗正義評價與社會不平等認知：運用正義評價函數檢視台灣社會不正義的情況

Empirical Justice Evaluation and the Perception of Social Inequality: Application of the Justice Evaluation Function to the Case of Taiwan

本文的研究焦點在於關注台灣人民所認知的不正義程度。正義的討論可以有很多面向，本文主要著重在薪資收入這個標的。經驗正義的評價是：（1）主觀的建構，與觀察者的感受息息相關；（2）一種觀察者對自身合理報酬與實際報酬之間的比較過程；（3）當觀察者進行薪資正義評價的對象是自己時，此評價稱之為反映自身正義評價；而薪資正義評價的對象是他人時，稱之為社會不平等認知。本文運用2009年台灣社會變遷基本調查社會不平等題組資料進行分析，發現反映自身的薪資正義評價在不同的年齡層、社會階層與教育程度之間，呈現很大的差異。這個發現點出，處於這類人口學變數底層的民眾，時常因個人的薪資結構與發展機會受限而產生較強烈的不正義感。本文對台灣社會的經驗正義進行初探性的研究，初步的發現結果值得後續更細緻的分析。

This study addresses a core question: what is the magnitude of the perceived injustice associated with given departures from perfect just in Taiwan? We can discuss ideas of justice from various perspectives and in many ways. The focus of this study is on personal earnings and this research examines whether Taiwanese people perceive their income as just. In the perspective of social scientists, first of all, a subjective construct and closely related to the perception of the observer. Secondly, the sense of justice is a process of comparison between observers’ just rewards and actual rewards. Finally, each member of society forms judgements concerning the justice or injustice of the amount received by him/herself as well as everyone else. When a justice evaluation is concerned with one’s own rewards, it is called a reflexive justice evaluation. In contrast, when a justice evaluation is concerned with another’s rewards, it is called a nonreflexive justice evaluation. The data used in this study were drawn from the International Social Survey Programme: Social Inequality IV project. The findings indicate that the magnitude of perceived injustice among Taiwanese people is highly related to age, social class, and level of education, which are the determinants of the structure of personal earnings and of opportunities for human development.